CA3: Pathologies of Tumours

Question 1

What is a tumour

Answer 1

A swelling not necessarily neoplastic

Question 2

What is a neoplasm

Answer 2

New growth of cells

Question 3

When might a benign tumour threaten life? (2)

Answer 3

• Site
  (ie tumour in the brain which raises pressure)
• Function
  (insulinoma produces insulin become hypoglycaemia)

Question 4

What does histogenesis mean?

Answer 4

The cellular origin of a neoplasm

Question 5

What is a well differentiated neoplasm?

Answer 5

Close resemblance to its normal cell of origin

Question 6

By looking into a microscope how can you tell that the image is a squamous cell neoplasm? (3)

Answer 6

• Disorganised growth
• Keratin in tumour
• Intercellular prickles

Question 7

What is anaplasia?

Answer 7

Complete lack of differentiation in a neoplasm

Question 8

What is the cell type of the benign neoplasm lipoma?

Answer 8

Fat

Question 9

What is the cell type of the benign neoplasm Leiomyoma?

Answer 9

Smooth muscle

Question 10

What is the cell type of the benign neoplasm Neurofibroma?

Answer 10

Nerve

Question 11

What is the cell type of the benign neoplasm Rhabdomyoma?

Answer 11

Striated muscle

Question 12

What is the cell type of the benign neoplasm Haemangioma?

Answer 12

Endothelium

Question 13

What are the ‘Oma’s’ that are actually malignant tumours (4)

Answer 13

• Lymphoma
• Myeloma
• Melanoma
• Mesothelioma

Question 14

Malignant neoplasms of epithelial tissue end in?

Answer 14

Carcinoma

Question 15

Malignant neoplasms of connective tissue end in?

Answer 15

Sarcoma

Question 16

Malignant neoplasms of embryonic tissue end in?

Answer 16

Blastoma

Question 17

What is the cell type of the malignant neoplasm Nephroblastoma?

Answer 17

Kidney

Question 18

What is the cell type of the malignant neoplasm Neuroblastoma?

Answer 18

Neural tissue

Question 19

What is the cell type of the malignant neoplasm Retinoblastoma?

Answer 19

Retina

Question 20

Neoplasms derived from germ cells are called?

Answer 20

Teratomas

Question 21

Where are germ cells found?

Answer 21

Germ cells are found in the ovary and testis

Question 22

Nucleus:Cytoplasm ratio

Benign neoplasm?
Malignant neoplasm?

Answer 22

• Usually normal

- Often high

Question 23

Nuclear pleomorphism

Answer 23

-

Question 24

Necrosis

Answer 24

-

Question 25

Mitotic rate

Answer 25

-

Question 26

What is Metastasis?

Answer 26

Secondary growth of a neoplasm at one or more locations distant from the primary site

Question 27

In which neoplasms does metastasis take place?

Answer 27

Only occurs with malignant neoplasms

Question 28

What are the 4 ways metastasis can occur?

Answer 28

Spread via; - Lymphatics - Blood vessels - Across mesothelial-lined cavities - Through cerebrospinal fluid

Question 29

Describe the mechanisms of invasion and metastasis

Answer 29

- Tumour cells have to detach from each other - Then get into the blood stream (vascular intravastaion) - A tumour embolus must form - This then travels to a distant site and leaves the blood stream - Regrowth of metastatic clone now occurs

Question 30

Metastasis patterns in carcinomas? Early? Late?

Answer 30

- Early via lymphatics | - Late via bloodstream

Question 31

Where do carcinomas metastasise? (2)

Answer 31

- Via lymphatics (early) | - Via bloodstream (late)

Question 32

Where do sarcomas metastasise?

Answer 32

Via bloodstream

Question 33

What are the 5 main sites for bony metastasis?

Answer 33

- Prostate - Lung - Thyroid - Kidney - Breasts

Question 34

Why is anaemia common after a neoplasm? (4)

Answer 34

- Haemorrhage can occur from the neoplasm - Decreased life span of erythrocytes - Replacement of bone marrow by metastatic tumour - Autoantibodies can be produced which work against red cells

Question 35

Why is cancer cachexia common after a neoplasm?

Answer 35

Theorised that the tumour and reactive host cells secrete cytokines which lead to this

Question 36

Describe the macroscopic appearance of a benign neoplasm

Answer 36

- Well-defined outline | - Smooth-surface

Question 37

Describe the macroscopic appearance of a malignant neoplasm

Answer 37

- Irregular outline | - Craggy surface

Question 38

Describe the microscopic margin of a malignant neoplasm

Answer 38

- Infiltrative | - Invasive

Question 39

Describe the microscopic margin of a benign neoplasm

Answer 39

- Blunt | - Pushing (outwards)

Question 40

What is cancer cachexia?

Answer 40

Cancer cachexia is a wasting syndrome characterized by weight loss, anorexia, asthenia and anemia