M6: STDs and UTIs

Question 1

What organism causes syphilis?

Answer 1

Treponema pallidum

Question 2

What organism causes gonorrhoea?

Is this organism aerobic or anaerobic?

Catalase positive?

Oxidase positive?

Answer 2

• Neisseria gonorrhoeae
• Aerobic
• Positive
• Positive

Question 3

What organism causes Granuloma Inguinale?

Answer 3

Donocvania granulomatis

Question 4

What organism causes Chancroid?

Answer 4

Haemophilius ducreyi

Question 5

What organism causes Vaginitis?

Answer 5

Gardenerella vaginalis

Question 6

What organisms can cause Non-specific urethritis (NSU)? (2)

Answer 6

• Chlamydia trachomatis

- Mycoplasma urealyticum

Question 7

What organisms cause genital herpes?

Answer 7

Herpes simplex (type II & I)

Question 8

What organisms cause genital warts?

Answer 8

Papilloma

Question 9

What organisms cause Hepatitis?

Answer 9

Hepatitis B

Question 10

What organisms cause AIDS?

Answer 10

HIV

Question 11

What organism causes Vaginal Thrush and Balanitis?

Answer 11

Candida albicans

Question 12

What organism causes Trichomonas vaginitis and urethritis?

Answer 12

Trichomonas vaginalis

Question 13

What organisms causes Genital scabies? (2)

Answer 13

• Sarcoptes scabei

- Phthirus pubis

Question 14

Which groups are most at risk of STDs? (3)

Answer 14

• Young heterosexuals
• Male homosexuals
• Minor ethnic groups

Question 15

Name some underlying causes of STDs in the UK (4)

Answer 15

• More tolerance towards sexual diversity and behaviour
• Inconsistency of use of condoms
• High levels of asymptomatic infections
• Poor acmes to GUM clinics

Question 16

What is Gonorrhoea?

Answer 16

Purulent infection of the mucous membrane of urethra and cervix

Question 17

What are some of the clinical presentations of gonorrhoea? (2)

Answer 17

• Purulent discharge

- Dysuria

Question 18

What complications can arise from gonorrhoea? (4)

Answer 18

• Epididymitis
• Inflammation of fallopian tube
• Purulent conjunctivitis in newborn
• Disseminated gonorrhoea

Question 19

What can be given to treat gonorrhoea? (3)

Answer 19

• Penicillin
• Tetracycline
• Ceftriaxone

Question 20

How does T.palladium enter the body?

Answer 20

Enters by penetration of intact mucosa or through abraded skin

Question 21

What is primary syphilis?

Answer 21

• Bacteria multiply at entry site
• Chancre appears at 3 weeks
• Heals after 6 weeks

Question 22

What is secondary syphilis?

Answer 22

• Manifestation of a rash on trunk and extremities
• Snail track ulcer on inside cheek
• Occurs 2-12 weeks after chancre heal

Question 23

What is tertiary syphilis?

Answer 23

• Slow, progressive destructive inflammatory disease that can affect any organ
• 3-30 years later

Question 24

What is congenital syphilis?

Answer 24

• In-utero transmission of T.pallidum to baby after first 3 months of pregnancy
• Possible death of foetus
• Facial and tooth deformities arising a few years later

Question 25

What is a non specific test for syphilis?

Answer 25

Cardiolipin antibody test

Question 26

What is a specific test for syphilis?

Answer 26

Treponemal antigens test

Question 27

What can be given to treat syphilis? (3)

Answer 27

- Penicillin - Tetracycline - Erythromycin

Question 28

What are elementary body chlamydia?

Answer 28

These live outside body of host and initiate infection.

Question 29

What are reticulate body chlamydia?

Answer 29

- For intracellular multiplication | - New EB’s produced to invade adjacent cells

Question 30

How do you treat chlamydia?

Answer 30

Prescribe tetracycline

Question 31

UTIs are most common in which group?

Answer 31

Women

Question 32

What are some predisposing factors of UTIs? (7)

Answer 32

- Disruption of urine flow - Shorter urethra (females compared to men) - Higher when sexually active - Being a male infant - Incomplete bladder emptying - Reflux of urine - Diabetes

Question 33

Which bacteria is heavily linked to UTIs?

Answer 33

E.coli

Question 34

How do serotypes of E.coli adhere to the urethral and bladder epithelium?

Answer 34

They have particular types of pili that help in adherence

Question 35

What do capsular polysaccharides (K antigens) have the ability to do? (2)

Answer 35

- Cause Pyelonephritis | - Resist host phagocytosis

Question 36

What is Pyelonephritis?

Answer 36

Inflammation of kidney due to bacteria

Question 37

How does the faecal bacteria Proteus mirabilis cause Pyelonephritis?

Answer 37

Causes urease production which causes pyelonephritis

Question 38

What features of urine help dispose of bacteria in the urethra? (3)

Answer 38

- pH - Chemical composition - Flushing action

Question 39

What are some clinical features of Lower urinary tract infections? (3)

Answer 39

- Dysuria - Cloudy urine (pus and bacteria) - Chronic inflammatory changes in bladder, prostate and periurethral glands