Caesar: Bravery and Strategy in Battle Flashcards by Vedant Lutchman Singh

erant in ea legione fortissimi viri,

Sentence 1 (Part 1/2)

There were in that legion two very brave men,

Sentence 1 (Part 1/2)

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centuriones, qui primis ordinibus appropinquarent, Titus Pullo et Lucius Vorenus.

Sentence 1 (Part 2/2)

centurions, of the type to approach the first ranks, Titus Pullo and Lucius Vorenus.

Sentence 1 (Part 2/2)

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hi perpetuas inter se controversias habebant, quinam anteferretur,

Sentence 2 (Part 1/2)

These men were used to having continuous disputes among themselves as to who should be preferred,

Sentence 2 (Part 1/2)

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omnibusque annis de locis summis simultatibus contendebant.

Sentence 2 (Part 2/2)

and in all the years of their service they were contending for the highest posts with extreme rivalry.

Sentence 2 (Part 2/2)

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ex his Pullo, cum acerrime ad munitiones pugnaretur, “quid dubitas,” inquit, “Vorene?

Sentence 3 (Part 1/2)

One of these men, Pullo, when there was very fierce fighting near the fortifications he said,

“Why are you hesitating, Vorenus?

Sentence 3 (Part 1/2)

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aut quem locum tuae pro laude virtutis spectas? hic dies de nostris controversiis iudicabit’

Sentence 3 (Part 2/2)

Or are you looking for the opportunity which will merit praise for your valour? This day will decide our disputes.”

Sentence 3 (Part 2/2)

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haec cum dixisset, procedit extra munitiones, quaeque pars hostium confertissima est visa irrumpit.

Sentence 4 (Part 1/1)

When he had said these words, he advanced outside the fortifications, and burst into that part of the enemy which seemed the densest.

Sentence 4 (Part 1/1)

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ne Vorenus quidem sese vallo continet sed omnium veritus existimationem subsequitur.

Sentence 5 (Part 1/1)

Not even Vorenus kept himself within the rampart, but followed, fearing what everyone would think about him if he stayed there.

Sentence 5 (Part 1/1)

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tum mediocri spatio relicto Pullo pilum in hostes immittit

Sentence 6 (Part 1/5)

Then having left a moderate distance between himself and the enemy, Pullo sent his javelin into the enemy

Sentence 6 (Part 1/5)

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atque unum ex multitudine procurrentem traicit;

Sentence 6 (Part 2/5)

and pierced one of them as he was running forward out of the crowd;

Sentence 6 (Part 2/5)

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quo percusso et exanimato,

Sentence 6 (Part 3/5)

who when he was hit and knocked unconscious,

Sentence 6 (Part 3/5)

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hunc scutis protegunt,

Sentence 6 (Part 4/5)

the Gauls protected him with their shields,

Sentence 6 (Part 4/5)

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in hostem tela universi coiciunt neque dant regrediendi facultatem.

Sentence 6 (Part 5/5)

they all threw together their spears at their enemy (Pullo) and did not give him the opportunity to retreat.

Sentence 6 (Part 5/5)

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transfigitur scutum Pulloni et verutum in balteo defigitur.

Sentence 7 (Part 1/1)

Pullo’s shield was pierced through and a short throwing spear was thrust into his belt.

Sentence 7 (Part 1/1)

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avertit hic casus vaginam

Sentence 8 (Part 1/3)

This event knocked his scabbard aside

Sentence 8 (Part 1/3)

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et gladium educere conanti dextram moratur manum,

Sentence 8 (Part 2/3)

and hindered his right hand as he tried to draw his sword;

Sentence 8 (Part 2/3)

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impeditumque hostes circumsistunt.

Sentence 8 (Part 3/3)

and as he was impeded the enemy surrounded him.

Sentence 8 (Part 3/3)

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succurrit inimicus illi Vorenus et laboranti subvenit.

Sentence 9 (Part 1/1)

His rival Vorenus ran to Pullo’s aid and helped him in his distress.

Sentence 9 (Part 1/1)

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ad hunc se confestim a Pullone omnis multitudo convertit;

Sentence 10 (Part 1/2)

The whole crowd of the enemy turned away from Pullo onto Vorenus;

Sentence 10 (Part 1/2)

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illum veruto arbitrantur occisum.

Sentence 10 (Part 2/2)

thinking that Pullo had been killed by the throwing spear.

Sentence 10 (Part 2/2)

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gladio comminus rem gerit Vorenus

Sentence 11 (Part 1/4)

Vorenus carried on the fight at close quarters with his sword

Sentence 11 (Part 1/4)

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atque uno interfecto, reliquos paulum propellit;

Sentence 11 (Part 2/4)

and, having killed one, he drove off the rest back a little;

Sentence 11 (Part 2/4)

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dum cupidius instat,

Sentence 11 (Part 3/4)

while he pressed on the enemy too eagerly,

Sentence 11 (Part 3/4)

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in locum deiectus inferiorem concidit.

Sentence 11 (Part 4/4)

he was thrown down and fell into a lower piece of ground.

Sentence 11 (Part 4/4)

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huic rursus circumvento fert subsidium Pullo, | Sentence 12 (Part 1/2)

As Vorenus was surrounded again, Pullo brought relief to him | Sentence 12 (Part 1/2)

atque ambo incolumes compluribus interfectis summa cum laude sese intra munitiones recipiunt. | Sentence 12 (Part 2/2)

and having killed several of the enemy, unharmed, they both retreated safely with the greatest praise back inside the fortifications. | Sentence 12 (Part 2/2)

sic fortuna in contentione et certamine utrumque versavit, | Sentence 13 (Part 1/3)

In such a way fortune delt with both men in their rivalry and the fight, | Sentence 13 (Part 1/3)

ut alter alteri inimicus auxilio salutique esset, | Sentence 13 (Part 2/3)

that one who was the enemy of the other was able to help and bring him to safety | Sentence 13 (Part 2/3)

neque diiudicari posset, uter utri virtute anteferendus videretur. | Sentence 13 (Part 3/3)

and it could not be determined which of the two seemed preferable in virtue | Sentence 13 (Part 3/3)

quanto erat in dies gravior atque asperior oppugnatio, | Sentence 14 (Part 1/5)

The more serious and more desparate the siege was daily, | Sentence 14 (Part 1/5)

et maxime quod res ad paucitatem defensorum pervenerat, | Sentence 14 (Part 2/5)

and especially because a small number of defenders had resulted, | Sentence 14 (Part 2/5)

magna parte militum confecta vulneribus | Sentence 14 (Part 3/5)

as a large number of the soldiers were exhausted by their wounds, | Sentence 14 (Part 3/5)

tanto crebriores litterae nuntiique ad Caesarem mittebantur; | Sentence 14 (Part 4/5)

the more frequently letters and messengers were being sent to Caesar; | Sentence 14 (Part 4/5)

quorum pars deprehensa in conspectu nostrorum militum cum cruciatu necabatur. | Sentence 14 (Part 5/5)

a few of these were seized and tortured to death in sight of our own soldiers. | Sentence 14 (Part 5/5)

erat unus intus Nervius nomine Vertico, | Sentence 15 (Part 1/4)

Inside the camp there was one Nervian named Vertico, | Sentence 15 (Part 1/4)

loco natus honesto, | Sentence 15 (Part 2/4)

born of a noble family, | Sentence 15 (Part 2/4)

qui a prima obsidione ad Ciceronem perfugerat, | Sentence 15 (Part 3/4)

who had fled to Cicero at the beginning of the siege | Sentence 15 (Part 3/4)

suamque ei fidem praestiterat. | Sentence 15 (Part 4/4)

and had proved his loyalty to him. | Sentence 15 (Part 4/4)

hic servo spe libertatis magnisque persuadet praemiis, | Sentence 16 (Part 1/2)

This man persuaded a slave with the hope of his freedom and of great rewards | Sentence 16 (Part 1/2)

ut litteras ad Caesarem deferat. | Sentence 16 (Part 2/2)

to deliver a letter to Caesar. | Sentence 16 (Part 2/2)

has ille in iaculo illigatas effert | Sentence 17 (Part 1/2)

The slave carried this letter tied on a javelin, | Sentence 17 (Part 1/2)

et Gallus inter Gallos sine ulla suspicione versatus ad Caesarem pervenit. | Sentence 17 (Part 2/2)

and being a Gaul, moving among the Gauls without rousing any suspicions, he made his way to Caesar. | Sentence 17 (Part 2/2)

ab eo de periculis Ciceronis legionisque cognoscitur. | Sentence 18 (Part 1/1)

From the slave, the facts became known about the dangers facing Cicero and the legion. | Sentence 18 (Part 1/1)

venit magnis itineribus in Nerviorum fines. | Sentence 19 (Part 1/1)

He (Caesar) came by means of forced marches into the terrirory of the Nervii. | Sentence 19 (Part 1/1)

ibi ex captivis cognoscit, | Sentence 20 (Part 1/3)

There he found out from prisoners | Sentence 20 (Part 1/3)

quae apud Ciceronem gerantur, | Sentence 20 (Part 2/3)

what was taking place in Cicero's camp, | Sentence 20 (Part 2/3)

quantoque in periculo res sit. | Sentence 20 (Part 3/3)

and in how much danger the situation was. | Sentence 20 (Part 3/3)

tum cuidam ex equitibus Gallis magnis praemiis persuadet | Sentence 21 (Part 1/2)

Then he persuaded one of the Gallic cavalrymen with great rewards | Sentence 21 (Part 1/2)

uti ad Ciceronem epistolam deferat. | Sentence 21 (Part 2/2)

to carry a letter to Cicero. | Sentence 21 (Part 2/2)

hanc Graecis conscriptam litteris mittit, | Sentence 22 (Part 1/2)

He sent this letter written in Greek letters, | Sentence 22 (Part 1/2)

ne intercepta epistola nostra ab hostibus consilia cognoscantur. | Sentence 22 (Part 2/2)

lest the letter was intercepted by the enemy and they found out about our plans. | Sentence 22 (Part 2/2)

si adire non possit, | Sentence 23 (Part 1/2)

If he (the messenger) was unable to approach Cicero's camp, | Sentence 23 (Part 1/2)

monet ut tragulam cum epistola ad amentum deligata intra munitionem castrorum abiciat. | Sentence 23 (Part 2/2)

Caesar advised him to throw a spear inside the fortification of the camp with the letter tied fastened to the strap. | Sentence 23 (Part 2/2)

in litteris scribit | Sentence 24 (Part 1/3)

In the letter he wrote | Sentence 24 (Part 1/3)

se cum legionibus profectum celeriter adfore; | Sentence 24 (Part 2/3)

that he had set out with the leigons and would be there quickly; | Sentence 24 (Part 2/3)

hortatur ut pristinam virtutem retineat. | Sentence 24 (Part 3/3)

he urged Cicero to maintain his former courage. | Sentence 24 (Part 3/3)

Gallus periculum veritus, ut erat praeceptum, tragulam mittit. | Sentence 25 (Part 1/1)

The Gaul, fearing danger, threw the spear as he had been instructed. | Sentence 25 (Part 1/1)

haec casu ad turrim adhaesit | Sentence 26 (Part 1/4)

By chance this stuck to a tower, | Sentence 26 (Part 1/4)

neque ab nostris biduo | Sentence 26 (Part 2/4)

and, unnoticed by our men for two days, | Sentence 26 (Part 2/4)

animadversa tertio die a quodam milite conspicitur, | Sentence 26 (Part 3/4)

was seen by a certain soldier on the third day, | Sentence 26 (Part 3/4)

dempta ad Ciceronem defertur. | Sentence 26 (Part 4/4)

taken down and carried to Cicero. | Sentence 26 (Part 4/4)

ille perlectam in conventu militum recitat, | Sentence 27 (Part 1/2)

He (Cicero) perused the letter and read it out in an assembly of the soldiers | Sentence 27 (Part 1/2)

maximaque omnes laetitia adficit. | Sentence 27 (Part 2/2)

and filled everyone with great joy. | Sentence 27 (Part 2/2)

tum fumi incendiorum procul videbantur, | Sentence 28 (Part 1/2)

Then the smoke of the campfires was seen at a distance, | Sentence 28 (Part 1/2)

quae res omnem dubitationem adventus legionum expulit. | Sentence 28 (Part 2/2)

which banished all doubts on the matter about the arrival of the legions. | Sentence 28 (Part 2/2)

Caesar: Bravery and Strategy in Battle Flashcards

(65 cards)