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FAMS > Calf Diarrhea > Flashcards

Calf Diarrhea Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 virulence factors of enterotoxogenic E. coli (ETEC) that causes diarrhea in calves, lambs, kids, and piglets 1-4 days old?

A
  1. pilus formation that allows attachment to enterocytes (K99, K88, F41)
  2. heat stable enterotoxins (K99)
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2
Q

ETEC in young food animals (1-4d) is often associated with lack of _______ and/or __________.

A

lack of colostrum and/or contaminated environment

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3
Q

Which of the following statements is FALSE about ETEC in calves?
a. causes profuse watery diarrhea, dehydration, and weakness
b. causes fever
c. course is rapid and death can occur in 6-12 hr from onset
d. e. coli enterotoxins are released and increase intestinal secretions, exceeding the absorptive capacity

A

b. causes fever

usually temperatures are normal or low.

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4
Q

How can we diagnose ETEC?

A

culture e. coli
presence of pili antigen
PCR on isolates.

also: ELISA or agglutination on feces, or FAB test of intestinal tissues

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5
Q

T/F: there are no gross lesions associated with ETEC

A

true

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6
Q

What would you see on histopath of a case of ETEC?

A

sheets of gram negative bacilli adhered to the villous enterocytes of the SI mucosa.

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7
Q

what is the treatment for ETEC?

A

fluids and colostrum
if early in disease, give antimicrobials (ceftiofur, spectinomycin, sulfas, amoxicillin)

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8
Q

how do we PREVENT ETEC from occuring?

A
  1. proper colostrum management (need to get 6-8 L per calf within the first 24 hours after birth)
  2. clean birthing environment
  3. vaccinate dam with pili antigen (K99, K88, F41)
  4. monoclonal antibody (Genecol 99)
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9
Q

You are called to a farm for a calf that is having diarrhea, tenesmus, anorexia, weight loss, and depression. What age would this calf have to be for crypto to be an appropriate differential?

A

1-3 weeks

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10
Q

which part of the body is affected by crypto and what is the pathophysiology of this organism causing diarrhea?

A

the distal SI

crypto does not invade the cytoplasm but attaches in the brush border at the cell surface resulting in malabsorption!

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11
Q

how do we diagnose crypto in 1-3 wk old calves?

A

fecal float
histopath (orgs in brush border, blunting, fusion of villi)

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12
Q

how do we treat calves with crypto?

A

fluids
vitamin A
supportive care

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13
Q

how can we prevent crypto infections in calves?

A
  1. sanitation (undiluted bleach)
  2. drying
  3. move calves and their housing area.
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14
Q

what are the 4 ways calves can become infected with salmonella?

A
  1. acquire from environment
  2. acquire from carrier animal (recrudescence during stress)
  3. acquired through feed contaminated with feces
  4. acquired through water (run off)
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15
Q

What are the 2 main pathophysiologic effects salmonella infections have on calveS?

A
  1. prostaglandin synthesis from endotoxin effects causes SECRETORY diarrhea
  2. destruction of the microvilli and inflammatory rxn of the bowel causes MALABSORPTIVE diarrhea
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16
Q

T/F: calves affected with salmonella are usually 10 days – 3 months of age, but all ages may be affected.

A

true

17
Q

You are called to a farm to check a 10 week old calf that is having diarrhea and inappetence. On arrival, you notice the diarrhea contains a little bit of blood and smells putrid. The farmer says the diarrhea was watery at first (a few days ago). The calf has a fever and is 8% dehydrated. What is MOST likely the diagnosis?

A

salmonella

18
Q

What would be 4 KEY necropsy findings associated with calves that have salmonella?

A
  1. fibrin tags on intestines
  2. mesenteric lymph node enlargement
  3. bowel contents – mucus, fibrin tags, blood, and fluid feces
  4. fibrin and mucosal casts in SI and LI
19
Q

how do we diagnose salmonella in calves?

A

culture: feces, lymph node aspirate, bile, affected GI tract

20
Q

how do we treat salmonella in calves?

A

fluids (oral or IV)
antibiotics (ceftiofur, TMS)
NSAIDs (banamine)

21
Q

how can we prevent salmonella infections in calves?

A
  • clean environment
  • proper nutrition
  • reduce stress
  • vxn: J-5, EndoVac
22
Q

what are the 5 goals of fluid therapy in patients with diarrhea?

A
  1. correct dehydration deficit
  2. correct electrolyte deficit
  3. correct acid-base imbalances
  4. provide energy supplementation
  5. provide maintenance fluids
23
Q

How do you calculate the amount of fluid needed to restore volume deficit?

A

percent dehydration (%) x body weight in kg = volume of fluid in liters

24
Q

What is the general rule for how much bicarb to give patients that have become acidotic as a result of diarrhea?

A

5-10 mL per kg of BW of an 8.4% bicarb solution

25
Q

T/F: most neonates with diarrhea are hypoglycemic

A

true – giving glucose can enhance potassium resorption and supply energy.
Give 1-2% IV solution

26
Q

what is the maintenance fluid requirement for calves with diarrhea?

A

50-100 mL/kg

27
Q

IV fluids are required when what 5 things are true?

A
  1. absence or decreased suckle reflex
  2. severe dehydration >8%
  3. unwilling or unable to stand
  4. weak or absent pain reflex
28
Q

what are the 3 alkanalizing agents that can be added to fluids?

A

bicarbonate
citrate
acetate

29
Q

T/F: you need to feed electrolytes to calves WITH milk for better absorption of the electrolytes and more efficient correction of the deficit

A

false – the presence of bicarb in oral electrolyte solutions will REDUCE the digestion of milk. They should not be mixed. Milk should be followed by electrolytes 1-2 hr later.

29
Q

when are SQ fluids indicated?

A
  • when neonate suckles but has high fluid loss
  • when suckle response is poor and owner is delivering fluid therapy
30
Q

what are the 4 rules to SQ therapy?

A
  1. 80 mL/kg total volume
  2. use isotonic solutions
  3. no more than 10-20 mL/kg per site
  4. should be absorbed in 4 hours
31
Q

what 2 situations are appropriate for prescribing antibiotics in cases of diarrhea?

A
  1. fever or bacteremic
  2. concurrent infection
32
Q

what antibiotics are used to treat salmonella infections in calves?

A

TMS, ampicillin, ceftiofur, spectinomycin

33
Q

Name 4 gut protectants

A
  1. kaopectate
  2. peptobismol
  3. astringent boluses
  4. activated charcoal
34
Q

how do you calculate the amount of buffer you need to add?

A

BW(kg) x volume of distribution x (normal bicarb - pt bicarb) = _______ mEq of buffer to be added.

volume of distribution = 0.3-0.6 for neonates.

ex. 50 kg x 0.6 x (25-15) = 300 mEq

35
Q

what is the rule of thumb for correcting potassium deficits?

A

give 20-40 mEq/liter of fluid as diarrhea calves are deficient.

36
Q

what are the clinical signs of coccidiosis?

A

diarrhea (no blood)
wasting away

37
Q

how do we TREAT coccidiosis?

A

Amprolium

38
Q

how do we prevent coccidiosis?

A
  • clean the environment esp around feeders/waterers
  • lasalocid or monensin
  • decoquinate

FAMS (36 decks)

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