Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

FAMS > Neurological Disorders > Flashcards

Neurological Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Accidental, single-event intoxications usually have (high/low) morbidity in a (extended/short) period of time.

A

Accidental, single-event intoxications usually have high morbidity in a short period of time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Multiple-event intoxications usually have (high/low) morbidity in a (extended/short) period of time.

A

Multiple-event intoxications usually have low morbidity spread over an extended period of time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Infectious diseases spread (slowly/quickly) through a group during a (short/extended) period of time.

A

Infectious diseases spread quickly through a group during a short period of time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What do you want to know about the diet of cattle when you are suspcious of neurological disease?

A

a. composition
b. recent changes
c. access to water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the 3 causes of polioencephalomalacia in cattle?

A
  1. ingestion of plants containing thiaminases
  2. lack of production of thiaminase
  3. consuming diet containing >0.4% sulfur
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How would lack of production of thiaminases occur in order to cause PEM in cattle?

A

Rumen acidosis from too much high-starch grain.
but this rarely occurs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What type of diets could contain >0.4% sulfur and cause PEM in cattle?

A

high levels of corn gluten or distillers grain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the MAJOR clinical signs associated with PEM in cattle? (4)

A
  1. blindness + stargazing
  2. staggering
  3. down
  4. seizures

more in-depth answer:
early – dull, inappetant, blind, hyperesthesia, muscle tremors
later – ataxia, head-pressing, dorso-medial strabismus
latest – recumbency, opishtotonus, coma or seizures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

_________ is a co-factor for enzymes associated with energy production in the brain. A deficiency would reduce energy available for Na/water transport mechanisms in the cells of the brain.

A

thiamine (vitamin B1)

deficiency causes the cells of the cerebral cortex to swell (cerebral edema), intracranial pressure increases leading to eventual cerebral-cortical necrosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the 3 major differential diagnoses for a case of polioencephalomalacia?

A
  1. lead posioning
  2. vitamin A deficiency
  3. salt intoxication / water deprivation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

You treat non-sulfur induced cause of PEM with thiamine BID for 1-2 days. How quickly should you expect their response to be?

A

within 5 min-1 hr
they are usually better after 1-2 doses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the difference between treating sulfur-induced versus non-sulfur induced PEM cases?

A

Both get treated with thiamine.

non-sulfur: treatment is for 1-2 days & pts improve very rapidly (5 min- 1 hr)

sulfur-induced: treated for 3-5 days; improve in 1-6 hrs, but can take days to 100% improve. AND there is good chance for relapse if you stop the tx too early.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

If a cow with PEM is unable/unwilling to drink or eat, what else should be included in their treatment plan?

A
  1. oral fluids, electrolytes, minerals
  2. alfalfa pellet slurry
  3. transfaunation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the potential sources of lead?

A
  1. batteries (#1)
  2. used motor oil
  3. shot?
  4. roofing felt
  5. lead-based paint
  6. machinery grease
  7. caulking compounds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

T/F: cattle develop lead poisoning only if they ingest small levels for long periods of time.

A

false – this is possible, but also a single larger dose can cause intoxication. this is the difference between acute and chronic lead intoxication.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Lead intoxication affects what 2 bodily systems?

Describe some clinical signs seen with each system that is affected

A

neurologic – dull, hyperesthesia, muscle fasiculations, rapid twitching eyelids and facial muscles; progressing to ataxia, blindness, head pressing, teeth grinding, bellowing, and seizures

GI – rumen hypomotility/atony, bloat, diarrhea, constipation

17
Q

how can you easily confirm lead intoxication?

A

blood lead levels

18
Q

what are the 3 goals of lead intoxication treatment?

A
  1. remove lead from GI tract
  2. chelate absorbed lead
  3. nutritional support
19
Q

what is the MAIN treatment for lead intoxication?

A

calcium EDTA (traps lead)
+ thiamine + fluid + nutritional support

note that EDTA requires compounding and cattle with lead intoxication have a 12 month slaughter withdrawal because there is a possibility for future release from the rumen.

20
Q

______________ is a fulminant (severe/sudden onset) neurologic disease of cattle caused by haemophilus somnus (histophilus somni) that leads to bacterial pneumonia and spreads hematogenously to the brain, synovium, and pleura.

A

thrombotic meningoencephalitis (TME)

21
Q

Which of the following is FALSE about thrombotic meningoencephalitis in cattle?
A. usually occurs in feedlot cattle
B. outbreaks occur in the winter after shipping, overcrowding, or additions to the herd
C. TME causes fever, dullness, respiratory disease, neurologic disease, ophthalmic disease, and synovitis
D. treatment includes antifungals for life

A

D. treatment includes antifungals for life

treatment includes antibitoics that can target pneumonia and brain tissue (florfenicol is a great option)
+ NSAIDs (flunixin) + oral fluids

22
Q

Listeria causes circling disease which is commonly caused by cattle ingesting …

A

poorly ensiled feed.
anything with a pH > 4.5 or moldy

In most cases, its a herd outbreak issue, but it can cause individual cases if it is ingested as a soil contaminant.

23
Q

what are the clinical signs associated with listera?

A
  1. drooped ear, eyelids, and lip
  2. head tilt
  3. circling
  4. down
24
Q

what antibiotic(s) is/are BEST for listeria treatment?

A

Antibiotics that get good CNS penetration – florfenicol (IV best, but also SQ) or PPG (high-dose)

You should also give oral /IV fluids and NSAIDs

25
Q

T/F: salt intoxication / water deprivation is a herd disease

A

true

26
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of salt intoxication / water deprivation.

A
  • ingestion of excessive sodium causes accumulation of sodium in the brain and CSF
  • sodium accumulates in brain cells by passive diffusion
  • sodium accumulation inhibits energy-dependent transport systems to remove sodium from the brain cells.
  • hyperosmolality triggers thirst receptors causing the anima to drink water to repletion
  • water is absorbed from the GI tract and diffuses into the hyperosmolar brain cells
  • brain cells swell –> brain edema –> ICP increases –> encephalopathy
27
Q

what 2 body systems are affected by salt intoxication / water deprivation?

A

neuro – dullness, ataxia, nystagmus, head pressing, muscle tremors, seizures

GI – diarrhea, dehydration

28
Q

how do you diagnose salt intoxication / water deprivation?

A
  • history (no access to water, too much mineral or sudden intro to mineral)
  • clinical signs (dull, ataxic, head pressing, tremors, seizures, diarrhea, dehydration)
  • lab tests: increased serum sodium or CSF sodium
29
Q

how do you treat salt intoxication / water deprivation?

A
  1. limit access to water for 24 hrs
  2. hypertonic saline
  3. dexamethasone: to decrease brain swelling
30
Q

how do you prevent salt intoxication / water deprivation

A
  • access to water at ALL times
  • limit mineral access to cattle who havent had mineral for prolonged periods of time.
31
Q

You are called to a farm because the farmer reports that one of his dairy cows is lame. When you arrive, you see the cow has a dropped elbow and inability to extend her right thoracic limb. You diagnose her with radial nerve paralysis.
What caused this and how do you treat it?

A

cause – secondary to lateral recumbency (foot trimming or milk fever)

tx: dexamethasone followed by NSAIDs

32
Q

You are presented with a holstein cow that is weak and knuckling in her pelvic limbs. She has proprioceptive deficits. Otherwise, she is BAR and has a normal mentation. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A

spinal lymphosarcoma

33
Q

Last week, you went to a farm and banded a few adult bulls. This week, the farmer calls you because they are walking stiff and some are down. You approach them and see their 3rd eyelid is protruding. What is the diagnosis?

A

tetanus

34
Q

Cattle can get infected with a prion that causes bovine spongiform encephalopathy. This will cause progressively fatal neurological disease.
How is this transmitted?

A

they consume scrapie-infected feed or spontaneous mutation.

35
Q

what is the incubation period for BSE?

A

2-8 years.
the inital signs are very subtle but the final stages are characterized by excitability, hypermetria, ataxia, death

36
Q

what should ALWAYS be on your r/o list in cattle with cerebrum disease?

A

rabies
a cattle-specific sign of rabies is tenesmus

37
Q

T/F: shotgun therapy with thiamine, nuflor, and dex/banamine is a good approach to neurological disease

A

false

FAMS (36 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions