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FAMS > Small Ruminant Neurological Diseases > Flashcards

Small Ruminant Neurological Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What bacterial organism causes meningitis in goats?

A

mycoplasma
which they can get from milk of asymptomatic dam, FPT, or dehorning/tail docking.

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2
Q

what clinical signs are associated with meningitis?

A
  • opisthotonus
  • nystagmus
  • convulsions
  • diarrhea
  • stiff neck
  • crying abnormally
  • +/- swelling of joints an pneumonia (if mycoplasma)
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3
Q

how do you diagnose meningitis in SR?

A
  1. demonstrate FPT (PP <5)
  2. spinal fluid tap – cloudy with clots
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4
Q

how do you tx meningitis in SR?

A
  • Ceftiofur IV
  • Nuflor IM
  • Tylan IV (for mycoplasma)
  • Tetracycline IV (for mycoplasma)
  • Banamine
  • Dexamethasone
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5
Q

how can you prevent meningitis in SR?

A
  • clean birthing area
  • adeq colostrum intake (10-20% BW in first 12 hr)
  • heat treat colostrum and milk (for prev of mycoplasma meningitis)
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6
Q

what is the cause of aseptic meningitis in SR?

A

thermal dehorning – cautery left on too long or used before it was hot enough.

the clinical signs are the same as if it were bacterial meningitis, so you have to diagnose based on hx of thermal dehorning.

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7
Q

what is the tx for aseptic meningitis caused by thermal dehorning?

A
  • dexamethasone
  • mannitol IV
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8
Q

What type of virus is Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis?

A

lentivirus

this virus is contracted through ingestion of infected colostrum

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9
Q

You arrive at a goat farm to look at a 2 month old kid who is javing rear limb ataxia that has gotten worse since yesterday. The kid does not have a fever and is BAR. What is most likely the diagnosis?

A

CAE
this condition will progress to tetraplegia and facial paralysis with opthisthotonus.

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10
Q

How is listeria monocytogenes acquired?

A

breaks in oral mucosa –> organism (ubiquitous in env/spoiled silage/feces/milk/uterine fluids) gains entry

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11
Q

T/F: fever is only present in chronic stages of listeriosis

A

false - it occurs during the first 3-4 days of the infection, then become afebrile.

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12
Q

what are clinical signs associated with listeriosis?

A

depends on location and severity of the lesion in the brainstem
depression, anorexia, dysphagia, increased salivation, head tilt, circling?, lack of menace and palpebral reflex, nystagmus, ear droop, upper resp obstruction, dropped jaw, protruding tongue.

CN deficits

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13
Q

how do you diagnose listeriosis in SR?

A

CSF tap – elevated protein, more than 5 WBC/mL, 50% or more being mononuclear.

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14
Q

how do you tx listeriosis in SR?

A
  • antibiotics for 10d minimum
    (procaine penicillin, oxytetracycline, florenicol)
  • banamine
  • oral electrolyte fluids
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15
Q

What is the organism that causes cerebrospinal nematodiasis?

A

Parelaphostrongylus tenuis larvae (deer worm)

Definitive host is white-tailed deer
Abberrant host is snail or slug

Grazing SR ingest the snail or slug infected with P. tenuis

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16
Q

what clinical signs are associated with cerebrospinal nematodiasis?

A

acute onset of ataxia in hind limbs, BAR, paresis, knuckling

17
Q

what cells could you see in in CSF of a case of cerebrospinal nematodiasis?

A

eosinophils
(specific but not sensitive)

18
Q

how do you tx cerebrospinal nematodiasis?

A
  • Ivomec or Doramectin for 5 days
  • Fenbendazole for 3-5 days
  • banamine daily
  • dexamethasone
19
Q

what causes polioencephalomalacia in SR?

A

thiamine deficiency or sulfide toxicity

disrupts glycolysis and ATP production –> sodium accumulates in cells –> water moves in –> swelling of cells and death
or
disruption of ion transport systems.

20
Q

T/F: high energy diets can lead to polio in SR

A

true – high energy diets produce acidic rumen environment, which increases the production of thiaminases or decreases bacteria that produce thiamine.

21
Q

what are clinical signs associated with polio in SR?

A
  • blind
  • dorsomedial strabismus
  • anorexia
22
Q

how do we tx polio in SR?

A
  1. thiamine (IM or SQ)
  2. dexamethsaone
  3. mannitol

if due to sulfur toxicity, they will not respond.

23
Q

how can we prevent polio in SR?

A
  1. make feed changes gradually
  2. provide thiamine in feed during feed changes and times of stress.
  3. dietary sulfur less than 0.43%
24
Q

what causes scrapie?

A

prion (PrP)

25
Q

how is scrapie transmitted?

A
  • horizontal by oral route
    (at or near birth)

takes 2-5 years for clinical signs to develop.

26
Q

T/F: males are not important in the transmission of scrapie

A

true

27
Q

T/F: scarpie is rare in goats

A

true

28
Q

what are clinical signs associated with scrapie in SR?

A
  • wasting disease
  • apprehensive/loss of herding instinct
  • clumsy gait, droopy ears
  • head and body tremors, ataxia, wide-based stance
  • +/- aggression
29
Q

how do you diagnose scrapie in SR?

A
  • rectal mucosa (necropsy)
  • codon analysis (codon 171 and 137 – QQ or VV = susceptible)
30
Q

how do we tx scrapie infections in SR?

A

we dont!

to control and prevent them, use a scrapie eradication program. Select for genetically resistant animals.

31
Q

what is the cause of caseous lymphadenitis in SR?

A

corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
has external lipid coat and exotoxin (Phospholipase D)

32
Q

what are common ways for corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis to be transmitted?

A
  • org enters breaks in mucosa or skin, so tail docking, castration, ear tagging, and shearing
  • draining abscesses are a huge source for the organism
  • aerosols from animals with lung abscesses
  • external parasites
  • barn hazards - nails, boards, etc.
33
Q

what are clinical signs associated with caseous lymphadenitis in SR?

A
  • external absecess in goats, internal in sheep
  • facial cellulitis
  • enlarged LN (mandibular, parotid, prescapular, femoral)
  • chronic weight loss
34
Q

how do we tx caseous lymphadenitis in SR?

A
  • remove abscess surgically
  • infuse abcess with iodine; if pet use formaldehyde
  • long-term penicillin 4-6 wks
35
Q

how do we prev/control CL in small ruminants?

A
  • cull suspect animals
  • test before purchasing
  • quarantine animals with abcesses
  • disinfect equipment
  • vaccination (only decreases abscess formation, give at 3 mo)

FAMS (36 decks)

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