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Camelids Flashcards

1
Q

camelids family

A

camlidae

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2
Q

why are camelids split from ruminants?

A

they have differences related to their evolution to specific ecosystems

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3
Q

which camelids are old world?

A

camels

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4
Q

which camelids are new world?

A

llama, alpaca, vicuna, guanaco
particularly from Andes mountains

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5
Q

what is the main way you can tell the difference between llamas and alpacas?

A

llamas have a straight nose instead of concave

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6
Q

cria

A

baby camelid

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7
Q

gelding

A

castrated male camelid

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8
Q

what type of foot do camelids have?

A

artiodactyls
2 toed

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9
Q

what is the sub-order that camelids are apart of under artiodactyla?

A

tylopoda = calloused foot

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10
Q

guanaco scientific name

A

lama guanicoe

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11
Q

vicuna scientific name

A

lama vicugna

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12
Q

who are llamas and alpacas relatives of?

A

they are domesticated relatives of Guanacos

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13
Q

guanacos classification

A

critically endangered in Peru and vulnerable in Chile

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14
Q

why are the guanacos’ range been severely decreasing?

A

foraging competition, over-hunting for pelts, habitat degradation from humans

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15
Q

vicunas

A

closely related to alpacas and are the smallest of the camelids family
small slender deer-like creature

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16
Q

what are vicunas known for?

A

their super soft fleece and they are hunted for their wool

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17
Q

vicunas classification

A

endangered
only a certain number can be sheared each year

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18
Q

llama scientific name

A

lama glama

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19
Q

alpaca scientific name

A

lama pacos

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20
Q

where are most camelids from?

A

South America

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21
Q

who are llamas domesticated from?

A

guanacos

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22
Q

who are alpacas domesticated from?

A

they are a type of domesticated guanaco raised for its soft wool

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23
Q

llama physical characteristics

A

longer, curved, banana-like ears
2x size of alpaca
can get up to 400 lbs
longer, straighter face
coarse outer coat with fine undercoat

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24
Q

alpaca physical characteristics

A

shorter, straighter, more pointy ears
squashed face with dished nose
have more hair on face and head so they look cute and fluffy
finer hair that is dense and fast growing

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25
llama function
used as pack-carrying animals and for meat
26
alpaca function
used for wool since they have fine fur
27
alpaca temperament
nervous disposition
28
llama temperament
more prone to spitting when they feel threatened
29
what is created through inbreeding of llamas and alpacas?
huarizos
30
digestive system
ability to thrive in harsh, dry, nutrient-poor environments where ruminants can't
31
esophagus length and where does it connect?
can be up to 4 ft long and connects to the 1st stomach compartment
32
process of eating
1. initial mastication: consists of only enough chewing to mix food with saliva to form a bolus for swallowing 2. cud propelled from 1st gastric compartment back up esophagus into mouth to decrease particle size and increase surface area for microbial digestion 3. rechewed and mixed with saliva
33
what are their 3 stomach compartments?
C1: similar to rumen C2: similar to reticulum C3: similar to abomasum
33
dental characteristics
have grooved upper lip cleft upper lip for foraging grasses and bark (each half moves independently) have upper dental pad have fighting tooth
34
which animal do camelids share similarities with in their dental structure?
rabbits
35
fighting tooth
upper incisor migrated caudally in the jaw looks like upper canines usually removed in males with gigli wire
36
what are the 2 domesticated old world camelus species?
dromedary and Bactrian dromedary: 1-humped camel, Camelus dromedarius Bactrian: 2-humped camel, Camelus bactrianus
37
dromedary
most important livestock in North Africa and middle East called "Arabian camel" used for milk, meat, hides, and transport
38
Bactrian
seen in cold deserts of Asia stockier and have thicker wool
39
camels and dehydration
well adapted to dehydration in harsh desert conditions can store heat in humps due to the humps being made up of stored fat; heat stored in humps during day dissipate into the rest of the body during cold nights
40
normal feces/urine appearance
feces are very dry kidneys can rid the body of extremely concentrated urine
41
humps storing fat
the stored fat in humps can be metabolized when food/water is scarce hump diminishes as they use up the fat but will refill once they eat and drink again
42
camels' protection from sand
clear nictition membranes and 2 rows of long eyelashes protect eyes can shut nostrils during sandstorms
43
camel physical characteristics
~ 6ft tall Bactrian can weigh over 2,000lbs, dromedary can weight ~ 1,000lbs
44
camel gestation
12-14 months
45
camel maturation age and lifespan
fully mature at 7 years and live ~ 17 years
46
RBCs
oval shaped which helps keep blood flowing even when dehydrated; long axis of cells is oriented with blood flow can expand up to 240% without rupturing which makes it possible for camel to drink large amounts of water to recover from dehydration
47
camel spitting
they are throwing up some of their stomach contents when they spit
48
are camelids classified as predators or prey?
prey animals show minimal signs of pain signs so less is more restraint
49
camelid herds
led by dominant male and many of the other males form bachelor herds
50
camelid sociability
very social and like to greet each other by blowing in each other's faces
51
kushing
tucking rear legs under body
52
parasitism
some degree of GI parasites always present; goal is to keep the numbers low
53
which parasites are common in camelids?
Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Trichuirs, Nematodirus, Coccidia
54
common parasite CS
pale mm, weight loss, exercise intolerance, peripheral edema (bottle jaw, swollen vulva or scrotum), loose stool, weakness, down animals
55
which test is often used to monitor the herd for parasites?
FAMACH
56
what is deworming based on?
burden due to avoiding resistance to dewormer
57
what are a couple ways to prevent parasite outbreaks?
manage dung piles and rotate pastures if possible
58
meningeal worm
"brain worm" neurologic disease carried by white-tailed deer intermediate host: snail larvae migrate from stomach to spinal column causing inflammation
59
meningeal worm CS
hindlimb weakness, ataxia that progresses to inability to walk and ultimately a down animal
60
meningeal worm preventative
Ivermectin monthly during July-November in high risk areas may be needed but could cause resistance
61
coccidia
healthy camelids will naturally keep in check but young camelids, camelids with poor nutrition, stressed, and camelids with other disease may be more susceptible an increased amount of coccidia causes cells lining intestine to rupture which leads to diarrhea, dehydration, appetite loss, bloody diarrhea
62
coccidia treatment
Corid (Amprolium) can also use as prevention inhibits coccidia reproduction which allows the camelid's immune system to take care of the infection can also use Albon (Sulfadimethoxine) instead
63
which coccidia is a specific large coccidian that impacts S. American camelids?
E. mac or big mac
64
heat stress in alpacas
must have access to shade, water, fans, and water spraying devices heat exchange in camelids occurs from its underside so avoid dousing top of fleece as it tends to form an insulating layer that traps humidity
65
when should alpacas be sheared?
early spring to prevent heat stress
66
what does stress predispose alpacas to?
stomach ulcers
67
signs of stress in alpacas
teeth grinding, excessive salivation, anorexia, regurgitation, laying down a lot due to stomach pain, very black stools
68
Mycoplasma haemolamae
globally endemic in camelids most healthy animals mount an immune response and clear it associated with mild to marked anemia and rarely death in stressed, immune-suppressed, and debilitated camelids disease precipitated by shipping or movement to enclosure
69
Mycoplasma haemolamae transmission
biting insects, needles, equipment, and possibly in utero
70
what sample should be submitted when investigating a Mycoplasma haemolamae infection?
fresh blood smears since organisms only lightly attach to RBCs
71
Mycoplasma haemolamae treatment
long-acting tetracyclines doesn't fully clear the infection but improves anemia
72
choanal atresia
congenital abnormality caused by failure of inner nares (choanae) to open during embryologic development respiratory distress is visible during nursing most widespread defect
73
wry face
congenital abnormality lateral deviation of the maxilla, mandible may or may not have a similar deviation when there is severe occlusion of nares and lack of apposition of incisors and dental pad, euthanasia is usually necessary
74
polydactyl
congenital abnormality more than 2 toes
75
what is the most lethal Clostridium in camelids?
Clostridium perfringens type A
76
clinical signs of peritonitis and plueritis in alpacas may indicate _____
alpaca fever (Streptococcus zooepidemicus)

Large Animal (15 decks)

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