Cancer Flashcards by Renren Dominguez

term related to a deviation from the
normal functioning anatomy of the generalized cell.

Aberration

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Group of disorders characterized by
abnormal - cell growth and the ability to metastasize with
potential in killing the host.

Cellular Aberrations

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

efers to the group of diseases in which cells
grow and spread unrestrained throughout the body.

CANCER/CA

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Process of transformation from normal cell to a
neoplastic cell

CARCINOGENESIS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Occurs when cancer cells infiltrate adjacent tissues
surrounding the neoplasm.

INVASION

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Occurs when malignant cells travel through the blood
or lymph and invade other tissues

METASTASIS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

s develop specific
structures and function in order to specialize in certain
tasks.

DIFFERENTIATION

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

four epidemic non-communicable
diseases (NCDs) or lifestyle-related diseases (LRDs) which
include

-cardiovascular diseases,
- diabetes mellitus,
- chronic respiratory diseases.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Refers to a tumor arises from epithelial
tissue, the name of the cancer identifies the location.

CARCINOMA -

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

tumor arising from supportive
tissue; the name of the cancer identifies the specific tissue

SARCOMA -

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

malignant disorder of the blood-forming
tissues of the bone marrow, spleen, and lymph system

LEUKEMIA -

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

group of malignant neoplasm that affects
the lymphatic system resulting in the proliferation of
lymphocytes

LYMPHOMA

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

characterized by unregulated proliferation of WBCs and their
precursors.

LEUKEMIA

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cancer of the plasma cells

MYELOMA -

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Increase in size of normal cells

*HYPERTROPHY -

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Shrinkage of cell size

ATROPHY -

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

increase in number of normal cells

*HYPERPLASIA

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Conversion from the normal pattern of
differentiation of one type of cells into another type of cell not
normal for that tissue

*METAPLASIA -

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Alteration in the shape, size, appearance, and
distribution of cells

*DYSPLASIA -

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Disorganized, irregular cells that have no
structure and have lots of differentiation; the result is almost
malignant.

*ANAPLASIA -

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Stages of Tumor Progression

HAHMDA

Hypetrophy-Atrophy-Hyperplasia-Metaplasia-Dysplasia-Anaplasia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

conceptualizes that normal cells may be transformed into
cancer cells due to exposure to some etiologic agents

Cellular Transformation and Derangement Theory

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

advocates that all individuals possess cancer cells. However,
the cancer cells are recognized by the immune response
system.

Failure of the Immune Response Theory

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

2 PATHOGENESIS OF CANCER

Cellular Transformation and Derangement Theory
Failure of the Immune Response Theory

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

development of a malignant tumor in otherwise healthy tissue is the result of a complex series of events beginning with a single cell that has acquired malignant properties through cellular DNA damage

CARCINOGENESIS

Steps: of Carcinogenesis IPLPI

1. Imitation 2. Promotions 3. Latency 4. Progression 5. Invasion to neighboring organs

Most common and useful staging system for most types of cancer by AJCC and UICC

y American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) and the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC)

TNM?

Tumor Nodes Metastasis

no available information on primary tumor

No evidence of primary tumor

TIS

only carcinoma in situ

<2cm

2-4 cm

>4 cm tumor

>4cm, involved natrum, based of tongue

(regional Lymph Node)

- cannot be assessed clinically ● NO - no evidence of regular node met

no evidence of regular node metastasis

Single ipsilateral <3cm

Single ipsilateral 3-6 cm

N2A

Multiple ipsilateral <6cm

N2b

Massive ipsilateral

N3a

Ipsilateral npdes more than 6cm

bilateral nodes

N3b

Contralateral node

N3c

Metastasis cannot be measured.

Cancer has not spread to other parts of the body.

Cancer has spread to other parts of the body.

TYPES OF METASTASIS

1. Lymphatic Spread 2. Seeding of body cavities & surfaces 3. Hematogenous spread

Stage 0

Benign

Stage 1

spread to nearby tissue

-2-5 cm sometimes involve lymph

Stage 2

more than 5 cm spread (advanced spread to connective tissue)

Stage 3

Stage 4

Metastasis

ETIOLOGIC FACTORS (CARCINOGENS)

Viruses 2.Chemical carcinogens 3. Physical agents 4.Hormones 5. Genetics

the first discovered retro-virus causing cancer

Rous sarcoma virus (RSV)

causally related with hepato-cellular carcinoma.

Hepatitis B and C virus

associated with kaposi's sarcoma.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

which causes stomach ulcers and has been linked to gastric cancer

Helicobacter pylori -

toxic compounds that are naturally produced by certain types of moulds (fungi

Mycotoxins

risk of colorectal cancer.

Processed meat r

aspartame does carry a risk for people with the rare genetic disorder

phenylketonuria

estrogen as replacement therapy increases incidence of

vaginal and cervical adenocarcinoma

WARNING SIGNAL OF CANCER CAUTION

C- change in bladder and bowel habits A- a sore that does not heal U- unusual bleeding or discharges T-thickening or lump in the breast I - Indigestion and difficulty in swallowing O - overt changes in wart or mole N- nagging cough and hoarseness of voice

TISSUES SAMPLING

. Exfoliative cytology - Biopsy s

used to study cells that the body has shed during the normal sequence of body tissue growth and development

Exfoliative cytology

surgical removal of a piece of tissue for microscopic examination

Biopsy

cells are aspirated through placed in the tissue

a.Needle biopsy

removing or taking a small sample out of tissues

b.Incisional biopsy

involves removal all of the know tumor

C.Excisional biopsy - i

DIRECT VISUALIZATION for cacner

1. Bronchoscopy/Esophagoscopy 2. Gastroscopy 3. Sigmoidoscopy 4. Colonoscopy

INDIRECT VISUALIZATION includes radiological and imaging test

Mammography 2. Barium enema 3. BSE 4. GI SERIES 5. Computed Tomography

TUMOR MARKERS

Oncofetal antigen 2. Hormones 3. Isoenzymes 4. Tissue

THREE SAFETY PRINCIPLES: in radiation

TIme Distance Shield

Sources of radiation:

EXTERNAL (Teletherapy) ● INTERNAL (Brachytherapy – sealed)

SIDE EFFECTS OF RADIATION THERAPY

. SKIN REACTION HEMORRHAGE INFECTION

CHEMOTHERAPY ● OTHER TERM:

chemo, antineoplastic drugs, anticancer, cytotoxic drugs

employed after the primary tumor has been removed by some other method.

Therapeutic strategies adjuvant

initial treatment for cancer, especially to suppress secondary tumor formation.

Adjuvant-

Adjuvant therapy is often used as follow-up treatment for

breast, colon and lung cancers

ombining several different agents simultaneously in order to enhance their effectiveness.

Combination

use as the initial treatment with advanced cancer that cannot be treated by other means.

Induction

initially used in localized cancer in order to decrease the tumor burden prior to treatment by other modalities.

Neoadjuvant

CONTRAINDICATIONS OF CHEMOTHERAPY

MPAIRED RENAL AND HEPATIC FUNCTIONS.

Patient Education Review treatment goals Review strategies to manage reactions

ADMINISTRATION OF IV CHEMO AGENTS A. PREPARATORY PHASE

ADMINISTRATION OF IV CHEMO AGENTS B. PERFORMANCE PHASE

A. Insertion of IV access B. Administration Phase

Monitor pain and erythema, induration or necrosis ● Monitor for other adverse effects of the drug

ADMINISTRATION OF IV CHEMO AGENTS B. FOLLOW UP PHASE

happens when a vesican

Extravasation

May result in damage to tendons and nerves

FOR SEVERE EXTRAVASATIONS - May result in damage to tend

END RESULT of extravasations

AMPUTATION

Cyclophosphamide

Antidote Mesna

Fluorouracil antidote?

Leucovorin Calcium

SIDE EFFECTS OF CHEMO AGENTS AND THEIR NURSING INTERVENTIONS: GI

N/V, diarrhea, constipation

SIDE EFFECTS OF CHEMO AGENTS AND THEIR NURSING INTERVENTIONS: Integ

Pruritus, urticaria Provide good skin care Observe for anaphylactic reactions

protect from infection, avoid people with infection

Neutropenia

It interferes with DNA and RNA growth

ALKYLATING AGENT

: Attack cells at very specific phase of the S Phase Inhibit cell reproduction by interfering with the manufacture of protein

ANTIMETABOLITES

Interfere with DNA by stopping enzymes and mitosis or altering

ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIBIOTICS

Attack the cell during various phases of cell division especially the M Phase Known as Mitotic inhibitors

PLANT ALKALOIDS

are drugs that produce analgesia by binding to CNS opiate receptors. These are the drug of choice for severe chronic pain

TYPES (AGONIST)

also produce analgesia by binding to CNS receptors.

TYPES (AGONIST-ANTAGONISTS

Prescribed to manage mild to moderate pain ● EX: NSAIDs- aspirin, ibuprofen, indomethacin, naproxen, acetaminophen

PAIN MANAGEMENT (NON-OPIOID ANALGESICS)

Cancer Flashcards

(102 cards)