CANCER

Question 1

________ (no.) Indians suffer from cancer and large no. of them die from it annually

Answer 1

More than a million

Question 2

In our body, ____ and ____ is highly controlled and regulated

Answer 2

cell growth, differentiation

Question 3

In cancer cells, there is a breakdown of ___________

Answer 3

regulatory mechanisms

Question 4

Normal cells show a property called ________ by virtue of which _________

Answer 4

contact inhibition, contact with other cells inhibits their uncontrolled growth

Question 5

Cancer cells appear to have lost __________

Answer 5

contact inhibition property

Question 6

What is the result of loss of contact inhibition in cancerous cells?

Answer 6

Just continue to divide giving rise to masses of cells called tumors

Question 7

What are the two types of tumors?

Answer 7

Benign and malignant

Question 8

Malignant tumors normally remain confined to their original location and do not spread to other parts of the body and cause little damage

True/false

Answer 8

False

Benign tumors

Question 9

Malignant tumors are a mass of proliferating cells called ____________

Answer 9

Neoplastic or tumor cells

Question 10

Malignant tumor cells grow very rapidly, invading and damaging the surrounding normal tissues

True/false

Answer 10

True

Question 11

As the cells of neoplastic divide and grow, they also ____________

Answer 11

starve the normal cells by competing for vital nutrients

Question 12

Explain the most feared property of malignant tumors

Answer 12

Metastasis : Cells sloughed from a malignant tumor reach distant sites through blood and start a new tumor wherever they get lodged in the body

Question 13

Tranformation of normal cells into cancerous neoplastic cells may be induced by ________(3) agents

Answer 13

Physical, chemical, biological

Question 14

Agents that cause cancer are called _______

Answer 14

Carcinogens

Question 15

Ionising radiations like ________ and ________ and non-ionising radiations like ________ cause DNA damage leading to neoplastic transformation

Answer 15

X-rays, gamma rays ; UV

Question 16

Chemical carcinogens present in ________ have been identified as a major cause of lung cancer

Answer 16

tobacco smoke

Question 17

Cancer causing viruses called ________ have genes called viral oncogenes

Answer 17

oncogenic viruses

Question 18

Several genes called ________ or ____ have been identified in normal cells which, when activated under certain conditions, could lead to oncogenic transformation of cells

Answer 18

cellular oncogenes(c-onc), proto oncogenes

Question 19

____________ of cancer is essential as it allows the disease to be treated successfully in many cases

Answer 19

Early detection

Question 20

Cancer detection is based on ____________

Answer 20

Biopsy and histopathological studies of tissue and blood and bone marrow tests for increased cell counts in case of leukemias

Question 21

In biopsy ________ cut into thin sections is stained and examined under microscope( ________ studies) by a pathologist

Answer 21

A piece of suspected tissue, histopathological

Question 22

Techniques like ____________ (3) are very useful to detect cancers of internal organs

Answer 22

radiography( use of X-rays), CT(computed tomography) and MRI(magnetic resonance imaging)

Question 23

How does CT work ?

Answer 23

Uses X-rays to generate a 3-D image of internals of an object

Question 24

How does MRI work?

Answer 24

Uses strong magnetic fields and non-ionising radiations to accurately detect pathological and physiological changes in the living tissue

Question 25

Antibodies against ________ are also used for detection of certain cancers

Answer 25

cancer-specific antigens

Question 26

Techniques of molecular biology can be applied to detect ________________

Answer 26

genes in individuals with inherited susceptibility to certain cancers

Question 27

Identification of genes with susceptibility to certain cancers is helpful in prevention of cancer as such individuals may be advised to ____________

Answer 27

avoid exposure to particular carcinogens to which they are susceptible( eg. tobacco smoke in case of lung cancer)

Question 28

The common approaches for treatment of cancer are ________(3)

Answer 28

Surgery, radiation therapy, immunotherapy

Question 29

How does radiotherapy work ?

Answer 29

Tumor cells are irradiated lethally, taking proper care of normal tissues surrounding tumor mass

Question 30

Several ________ are used to kill cancerous cells

Answer 30

chemotherapeutic drugs

Question 31

Majority of drugs have no side effects like hair loss, anemia etc. | True/false

Answer 31

False | Have side effects

Question 32

Most cancers are treated by combination of the common approaches for treatment of cancer | True/false

Answer 32

True

Question 33

Tumor cells can't avoid detection and destruction by immune system | True/false

Answer 33

False | they can

Question 34

Patients are given ________ such as ____ which activate their immune system and help in destroying the tumor which cant be otherwise detected

Answer 34

Biological response modifiers, alpha-interferon