Cancer Screening

Question 1

What’s the most common diagnosed cancer

Answer 1

Prostate cancer

Question 2

What’s the screening test for prostate cancer

Answer 2

Prostate specific antigen (PSA)

Question 3

What are the pearls of PSA test

Answer 3

False negatives leading to harm from biopsy and treatment- bleeding, infection, urinary incontinence and erectile dysfunction

Question 4

Most frequent diagnosed cancer, and Principe cost of cancer deaths in Canada

Answer 4

Lung cancer

Question 5

What is the screening test for lung cancer?

Answer 5

Low dose computer tomography (LDCT)

Question 6

What is the recommendation regarding lung cancer screening?

Answer 6

Annual screening, with LDCT 3 consecutive time for adult age 55 to 74 years with at least a 30 pack a year smoking history, who currently smoke I’ll quit smoking fewer than 15 years ago

Question 7

What is the third most diagnose cancer in Canada?

Answer 7

Colorectal cancer

Question 8

What is the screening test for colorectal cancer?

Answer 8

Facal immunochemical test

Question 9

What is the recommendation for screening for colorectal cancer?

Answer 9

For average risk adults, 50 to 74 years FIT every two years are flexible sigmoidoscopy everything yes

Question 10

One of the most common preventable cancer is what

Answer 10

Cervical cancer

Question 11

Screen test for cervical cancer is what

Answer 11

Papanicolaous (pap) test

Question 12

What is the recommendation regarding Pap test for female?

Answer 12

Pap test every three years for asymptomatic women who are or who have been sexually active is 25 to 69

70 years on the above women who has received three successive negative pap results in the past 10 years screen can stop

Question 13

 What is the recommendation regarding breast cancer screening?

Answer 13

Women, age 40 to 49 mammogram not recommended

50 to 75 years mammogram every 2 to 3 years

CT scan, MRI, ultrasound, not recommend it

Question 14

What is cancer?

Answer 14

Disease in which abnormal cells divide without control, and able to invade other tissues

Question 15

Another name for Tumor is what?

Answer 15

Neoplasm

Question 16

Neoplasm means what?

Answer 16

New growth

Question 17

What’s the difference between benign and malignant tumor?

Answer 17

Benign
Grow slowly
Well defined capsule
Not invasive
Well, differentiated
Low mitotic index
Do not metastasize

Malignant tumours
Grow rapidly
Not encapsulated
Invasive
High mitotic index
Call spread distantly (metastasis)

Question 18

Which statement is true?
All neoplasms are cancerous
Benign growth, are cancerous
Malignant tumors, have slow growth
Cancer refers to malignant tumour

Answer 18

Cancer, refers to malignant tumour

Question 19

What predispose an individual to cancer?

Answer 19

Cancer biology:
Cancer is predominantly a disease of Ageing
Multiple mutations are required before cancer can develop 
clonal proliferation or expansion:


Question 20

Clonal proliferation and expansion cause what?

Answer 20

After multiple mutations, cell acquire xtics that allow it to have selective advantages over its neighbors

Increased growth rate or decreased apoptosis

Question 21

Is lack of apoptosis part of cancer process

Answer 21

Yes

Question 22

Does solid tumor apply to hematologic cancers

Answer 22

No

Question 23

Neoplasm only apply to what types of cancers?

Answer 23

Solid cancers

Question 24

Cancer is also know as

Answer 24

Krakinoma or crab

Question 25

Cancer is a result of multiple mutations that cannot be overcome by the immune system

Answer 25

True

Question 26

What are the other characteristic of cancer development

Answer 26

Decreased need for growth factor to multiply Lack of inhibition Anchorage independence Immortality

Question 27

Sustained proliferation signaling in cancer biology means what?

Answer 27

Cell is able to divide continually without needing growth factors.

Question 28

Sustained proliferation signalling involes what?

Answer 28

1. Proto-oncogene which are normal genes that direct protein synthesis and cell growth become mutant genes(oncogenes) 2. Tumor suppressor genes (ant- oncogene) which encode protein that in normal state negatively regulate proliferation - if mutated can allow cancer

Question 29

What are the 2 genes that prevent cancer

Answer 29

1. Proto-oncogenes 2. Tumor suppressor gene (anti-oncogenes)

Question 30

RAS gene perform what function

Answer 30

Prevent cancer formation

Question 31

What are the process of sustained proliferative signalling in cancer

Answer 31

1. Pro- oncogene mutated to oncogene 2. Tumor suppressor gene (ant-oncogene) mutation 3.gene amplification- increase oncogene production 4. Oncogene activation: point mutation of RAS gene, converting it from regulated to unregulated 5. Translocation: translocations see. In Burkett lymphomas and chronic myeloid leukaemia

Question 32

Mutations (Inactivation) of Tumor suppression gene allow what

Answer 32

Allow unregulated cellular growth resulting in cancer. E.g Retinoblastoma (RB) gene Tumor protien p53 (TP53)

Question 33

Genomic instability can contribute to cancer how?

Answer 33

Increased tendency for genomic mutations during life cycle of the cell With age cancer risk increases

Question 34

Excessive exposure to radiation can increase risk of cancer? True or false

Answer 34

True

Question 35

Exposure to environmental contaminants increase risk for cancer

Answer 35

True

Question 36

What’s role of Caretaker gene

Answer 36

Encode for proteins that are involved in repairing DNA

Question 37

What is the function of telomere

Answer 37

They are protective caps at the end of chromosome held in place by telomerase, they block cell division and prevent immortality

Question 38

What happens to telomeres in cancer state

Answer 38

Cancer cell can activate telomerase which results in unlimited cell division and proliferation

Question 39

Angiogenesis is what?

Answer 39

A process where cancer cells develop new blood vessels

Question 40

Defects in intrinsic and extrinsic path ways provide what cancer cells

Answer 40

Resistance to apoptosis

Question 41

What is apoptosis?

Answer 41

Programmed cell death( self destruction)

Question 42

Chronic inflammation is a risk for what types of cancers?

Answer 42

Chronic inflammation caused by H pylori is associated with stomach carcinoma and mucosa associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma

Question 43

What’s the role of Tumor associate macrophages (TAM) in cancer

Answer 43

Promote survival of tumor cells Mimic M2 phenotype Diminish cytotoxic response Develop capacity to block T cytotoxic cells and NK cells function and produce cytokines that are advantageous to tumor cells

Question 44

Presences of TAM - Tumor associated macrophage correlate with good or worse prognosis

Answer 44

Worse prognosis

Question 45

What are the 2 most common cancer in immunosuppressed individuals

Answer 45

non-Hodgkin lymphoma (10x) Kaposi sarcoma (1000x)

Question 46

List the viruses associated with increased risk of cancer

Answer 46

Hepatitis B an C viruses Epstein Barr virus(EBV) Kaposi sarcoma helpers virus. (KSHV) Human papilloma virus (HPV) Human T cell lymphotrophic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)

Question 47

What kind of cancer is associated with Hep B and C

Answer 47

Liver cancer

Question 48

What kind of cancer is associated with Epstien Barr virus

Answer 48

Hodgkin lymphoma

Question 49

What kind of cancer is associated with human papilloma virus

Answer 49

Cervical cancer

Question 50

What type of virus is associated with Human T cell lymphotrophic virus Type 1

Answer 50

Increase risk of leukaemia

Question 51

What is cancer metastasis?

Answer 51

Spread of cancer from a primary site of origin to a distant site

Question 52

Direct invasion of contiguous organ is know as what?

Answer 52

Local spread

Question 53

Epithelial mesenchymal transition model

Answer 53

Epithelial characteristics lost result in Increased migratory capacity Increased resistance to apoptosis Dedifferentiated stem cell like state Growth favoured in foreign micro environment

Question 54

Process of epithelial mesenchymal transition

Answer 54

Cancer cells intraversation into circulation or lymphatics, survive in circulation and extravasation in small blood vessels into tissues where they anchor and proliferate

Question 55

Distant metastasis is what?

Answer 55

Spread through vascular and lymphatic pathways

Question 56

Breast cancer is selective for what cells?

Answer 56

Bone

Question 57

Lymphoma is selective for which organ

Answer 57

Spleen

Question 58

Prostate cancer is selective for which organ?

Answer 58

Liver

Question 59

What is Warburg effect- programming energy metabolism

Answer 59

1 allow glycolysis under normal oxygen condition(aerobic glycolysis) 2. Allow produced glycolysis to be used for rapid cell growth 3. Activated by oncogene and mutant tumor suppressors

Question 60

Anaplasia is what?

Answer 60

Loss of cellular differentiation

Question 61

Malignant cells are pleomorphic means what?

Answer 61

Marked variability of size and shape