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Nur 1142 Patho > Mental Health > Flashcards

Mental Health Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

What is the definition of stress

A

Perceived or anticipated threats that disrupts a persons well being or homeostasis

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2
Q

What are the triggers of stress?

A

 Psychological: emotional (fear, social rejection)

Physical (dramatic temperature changes, abuse)
Physiological (infection, inflammation)

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3
Q

What did Hans Selye find in his experiments with mice?

A

Physiological stress causes

enlargement of the adrenal gland

Decrease lymphocytes level

Development of bleeding ulcers

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4
Q

What was Hans Selye’s conclusions on his mice experiments

A

Psychological stress, impair, ability to resist future stressors

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5
Q

What did Dr. Hans Selye call the general stress response

A

General adaptation syndrome

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6
Q

What are the three stages of adaptation syndrome?

A

Alarm stage
Resistance/ adaptation stage
Exhaustion stage (allostatic overload)

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7
Q

The alarm stage of the general adaptation syndrome involves what?

A

Stressor triggers the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis

Activate, sympathetic, nervous system

Arousal of all body defences

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8
Q

what happens in the resistance adaptation stage of general adaptation syndrome?

A

It begins with the action of Adrenal hormones mobilization contributes to the fight or flight

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9
Q

If the resistance is successful, and the individual goes to the homeostasis state is called what?

A

Allostasis

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10
Q

What is allostatic overload .

A

When adaptation to stress is not successful

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11
Q

What is the consequences of exhaustion stage/allostatic overload

A

Stress related disorders

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12
Q

What are the centres in the body that react to stress?

A

Autonomic nervous system

Hypothalamus pituitary Adrenal axis

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13
Q

How does the HPA axis response to stress?

A

Stimulation of hypothalamus in turn stimulates Pituitary which then stimulate adrenal cortex to release cortisol

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14
Q

How do stress affect the autonomic nervous system?

A

It can affect Sympathoneural (SN) limb releasing Noradrenaline

Synpatho- adrenomedullary limb releasing adrenaline (+Noradrenaline)

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15
Q

In the Hypothalamus Pituitary Adrenal Axis

A

Hypothalamus secrets corticotropin releasing hormone CRH which stimulate

Pituitary to release adrenocorticotrophic hormone ACTH which act on adrenals to secrete cortisol and catecholamines

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16
Q

Cortisol release due to stress can cause what?

A

Increase blood pressure and cardiac output
Increased blood levels of amino acids
Increased lipolysis
Atrophy of lymphoid tissues
Increased lipogenesis in face and trunk
Anti-inflammatory or pro inflammatory
Immunosuppression or enhancers humoral immunity

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17
Q

Cortisol released due to stress

A

Stimulate Gluconeogenesis
Elevated the blood glucose level
Affect protein metabolism
Powerful anti inflammatory or immunosuppressive agent

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18
Q

Abnormal levels of cortisol is linked to what?

A

Obesity
Sleep deprivation
HTN
Diabetes
Atherosclerosis
Loss of bone density

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19
Q

What’s effect of cortisol on immune system

A

Cortisol influence all immune cells
Elevated level, may decrease innate immunity an increase auto immune response

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20
Q

What is the therapeutic effect of cortisol?

A

Is a powerful Anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive agent

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21
Q

What is the effect of childhood acute traumatic experience?

A

Increased odds of adult psychiatric disorders a negative functional outcomes
Impact normal brain development in childhood

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22
Q

What are the consequences of traumatic experience?

A

Individual who experienced trauma at risk of developing
Anxiety disorder
Depression
Post traumatic stress disorder
Serious mental illness

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23
Q

What are the impacts of having stress as an early age?

A

Neural connections and brain development can negatively be affected

Stress in pregnancy has been shown to impact early childhood development

Increased risk of cardiovascular disorders and metabolic disorder in later life
taught to be related to activation of the HPA axis and release of cortisol
Fetal exposure to, pro inflammatory cytokines is linked to Neuro compromised of cognitive function

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24
Q

How do stress impact the aged

A

Excitability changes in limbo system and hypothalamus

Increased catecholamines, ADH, ACTH, and cortisol

Decreased testosterone, thyroxine and other hormone

Alterations of opioid peptides

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25
In the aged, stress causes catecholamines, ADH, ACTH and Cortisol what?
A. Increase B decrease Answer: A increase
26
Stress in the aged cause —— in testosterone, thyroxine and other hormone
A: increase B: decrease Answer: decrease
27
True or false- Excitability changes in the limbic system and hypothalamus with stress
True
28
True or false Stress cause alteration of opioid peptide and lipoproteins
True
29
True or false Stress can cause immunosuppression and chronic inflammation
True
30
True or false Stress can cause Hypercoagulation of blood and free radicals damage of cells
True
31
What are impact of stress in early age?
It can affect neuronal connections and brain development negatively Stress in pregnancy affect early child development Increase risk of Cardiovascular and metabolic disorder later in life Fetal exposure to pro inflammatory cytokines is linked to neuro compromise of cognitive function
32
What’s the impact of stress during pregnancy
Impact early child development
33
Individuals who experience trauma are at risk for developing
Anxiety disorders Depression PTSD And serious mental illness
34
Stress response affect which areas of the body?
Autonomic Nervous system and HPA axis
35
Stress impact on the autonomic nervous systems result in what
SN system will produce Noradrenaline SAM will produce adrenaline with small noradrenaline
36
Stress impact on HPA axis will result in what?
Hypothalamus secreate corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) which act on pituitary to release adenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) which act on adrenal cortex to release cortisol and catacholamines
37
Effect of stress on sympathetic nervous system result in production of what
Norepinephrine and epinephrine
38
Norepinephrine released due to stress result in what
Increase BP Increase pupil dilation Incread sweat gland action(armpit and palms) Increased arterials smooth muscles contraction Pilerection(goosebumps) Vasoconstriction, vascular growth factor, angiogenic factor
39
Epinephrine released due to stress cause
Bronchodialatiion Increased force and rate of cardiac contraction- increase cardiac output Increased lipolysis - increased circulating free fatty acids
40
Epinephrine released due to stress acts on pancreas resulting in
Decreased insulin- decrease glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and adipose - increased blood glucose Increase glucagon- increased gluconeogenesis - increase blood glucose
41
Epinephrine release due to stress act on liver will result in what?
Decrease glycogen synthesis Increased glyconolysis and increased gluconeogenesis resulting in increased blood glucose
42
Stress impact CNS which impact hypothalamus in turn cause CRH which act on what areas
Posterior pituitary and anterior pituitary
43
Effect of stress on posterior pituitary result in what
Increase ADH and vasopressin Which increase water retention
44
Cortisol released due to stress impact on adrenal cortex cause what
Increased BP and cardiac output Increased lipolysis extremities Increased blood levels of amino acids Increased lypogenesis face and trunk Decrease luteinizing hormones, estradiol and testosterone Atrophy of lymphoid tissues - anti-inflammation or pro inflammation and immunosuppression or enhanced humoral immunity
45
Cortisol secreted due to stress cause
Gluconeogenesis Elevated blood glucose Affects protein metabolism It’s powerful anti- inflammatory and immunosuppressive agent
46
Cortisol due to stress cause T cell apoptosis true or false
True
47
Elevated cortisol is linked with what?
Obesity Sleep deprivation Lipid abnormalities HTN Diabetes Atherosclerosis Loss of bone density
48
Elevated cortisol affect which immunity?
Decrease innate immunity and increase autoimmune responses
49
Catecholamines released due to stress
Release from adrenal medulla- epinephrine released Alpha adrenergic receptor 1 &2 Beta adrenergic receptor 1&2 Mimic direct stimulation of Sympathetic stimulation Increase pro inflammatory cytokines production
50
PTSD session
51
What is PTSD
Pathological stress response to a memory Considered a mental illness Cause by intrusive symptoms such as reexperiencing traumatic event People have flashbacks, nightmares and intrusive thoughts Physical brain changes
52
What occupation is PTSD common
First responders, doctors, nurses and military
53
PTSD in children 6 and under
Avoidance and negative symptoms may be internalized Only one symptom required Extreme temper tantrum is included under arousal symptoms May manifest with social withdrawal and constricted play
54
What are the xtics of PTSD in all age groups
Sleep disturbances Depression Other maladaptive symptoms
55
What are the impact of PTSD
Decreased QoL Impact relationship Can Impact normal activity e.g employment 10% occurrence in Canadian veterans
56
What will be screening question
In your life have you ever had any experience that was so frightening, horrible or upsetting that in the past month you have had nightmares about it or thought about it when you did not want to?
57
Treatment
Counselling - Relaxation - CBT - Exposure therapy - support groups
58
What is the hallmark of PTSD
Reduced hypocampal volume
59
What’s the role of hypocapus in stress response
Control stress responses, declarative memory and contextual aspects of fear conditioning
60
What’s the role of amygdala in stress
It’s involved with n emotional processing and critical for acquisition of fear responses Amygdala mediate stress response and emotional learning role in pathophysiology of PTSD Imaging show hyper responsiveness in PTSD during presentation of stressful stript/stories No clear evidence of structural changes in amygdala due to PTSD
61
What’s the effect of PTSD on cortex?
Decreased volume of frontal cortex
62
What’s treatment of PTSD
Behavioural therapies and medication shown to increase hypocampus volume Anti anxiety Anti depressants
63
ADHD

Nur 1142 Patho (15 decks)

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