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Principles of Disease > Cancer Terminology I and II > Flashcards

Cancer Terminology I and II Flashcards

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1
Q

____ is an abnormal collection of new cells resulting from genetic changes that enabled autonomous/unregulated proliferation

A

neoplasia definition

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2
Q

Every cancer cell having the same initial genetic changes is known as what?

A

clonality (monoclonal)

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3
Q

What is definition of a tumor?

A

swelling

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4
Q

malignant tumor definition?

A

Can invade, destroy adjacent structures and/or metastasize

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5
Q

Benign tumor definition

A

Remain localized

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6
Q

Pseudotumor definition

A

non-neoplastic tumor (i.e. inflammation)

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7
Q

What is parenchyma?

A

neoplastic cells

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8
Q

What is tissue stroma?

A

connective tissue & blood vessels

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9
Q

What is collagenous stroma called?

A

Desmoplasia

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10
Q

What causes some tumors to feel ‘rock hard’?

A

Dense area of desmoplasia called a Scirrhous

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11
Q

MESOTHELIOMA

A

Malignant mesothelial cells

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12
Q

SEMINOMA

A

Subtype of malignant germ cells in testes

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13
Q

DYSGERMINOMA

A

Subtype of malignant germ cells in ovaries

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14
Q

What type of cancer has ‘keratin pearls’ in the histology?

A

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

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15
Q

A true papillary structure has what running through the ‘finger like projection’?

A

a blood vessel

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16
Q

SARCOMA

A

Malignant mesenchyme (soft tissue, bone, cartilage, nerve, blood vessel, fat)

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17
Q

Rhabdomyoma

A

BENIGN tumor trying to be skeletal muscle

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18
Q

Rhabdomyosarcoma

A

MALIGNANT tumor trying to be skeletal muscle

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19
Q

Lipoma

A

BENIGN tumor of fat cells

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20
Q

Liposarcoma

A

MALIGNANT tumor of fat cells

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21
Q

LYMPHOMA

A

Malignant lymphoid tissue or lymphoid cells (actually IN a lymph node)

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22
Q

LEUKEMIA

A

Malignant white blood cells floating in the blood stream (liquid tumor)

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23
Q

PLASMACYTOMA

A

MALIGNANT plasma cells in one place only

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24
Q

Multiple Myeloma

A

MALIGNANT plasma cells in multiple places at the same time

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25
MELANOMA
Malignant melanocytes
26
NEVUS/Moles
BENIGN proliferation of melanocytes
27
GLIOMA
Malignant brain/CNS
28
Glioblastoma
MALIGNANT (and high grade) tumor of astrocytes
29
Oligodendroglioma
MALIGNANT tumor of oligodendroglial cells
30
Meningioma
BENIGN tumor of meningeal cells.
31
POLYP
Macroscopic projection above a mucosal surface
32
What cancer has a rat bite appearance?
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
33
CARCINOMA
Epithelial derived
34
Adenocarcinoma
malignant glands
35
Papillary cystadenocarcinoma
malignant finger-like projections in a tumor derived from glands making a cyst
36
CHORIOCARCINOMA
malignant placental origin
37
Single clone with different lines of differentiation (at least two histologic “looks”)
Mixed Tumor
38
gastric heterotopia of the esophagus: Perfectly normal stomach cells, usually somewhere in the mid-esophagus is an example of what kind of tumor?
CHORISTOMA
39
ANAPLASIA
Lack of differentiation
40
Low grade cancer relates to what in terms of differentiation?
highly differentiated
41
high grade cancer relates to what in terms of differentiation?
poorly differentiated
42
PLEOMORPHISM
Many sizes, many shapes of tumor cells. Poor uniformity.
43
Abnormal nuclear features of cancer (3)
HYPERCHROMASIA due to excess chromatin Increased NUCLEAR:CYTOPLASMIC (N:C) RATIO Large nucleoli
44
neoplasia definition
\_\_\_\_ is an abnormal collection of new cells resulting from genetic changes that enabled autonomous/unregulated proliferation
45
Malignant mesothelial cells
MESOTHELIOMA
46
Subtype of malignant germ cells in testes
SEMINOMA
47
Subtype of malignant germ cells in ovaries
DYSGERMINOMA
48
Malignant mesenchyme (soft tissue, bone, cartilage, nerve, blood vessel, fat)
SARCOMA
49
BENIGN tumor trying to be skeletal muscle
Rhabdomyoma
50
MALIGNANT tumor trying to be skeletal muscle
Rhabdomyosarcoma
51
BENIGN tumor of fat cells
Lipoma
52
MALIGNANT tumor of fat cells
Liposarcoma
53
Malignant lymphoid tissue or lymphoid cells (actually IN a lymph node)
LYMPHOMA
54
Malignant white blood cells floating in the blood stream (liquid tumor)
LEUKEMIA
55
MALIGNANT plasma cells in one place only
PLASMACYTOMA
56
MALIGNANT plasma cells in multiple places at the same time
Multiple Myeloma
57
Malignant melanocytes
MELANOMA
58
BENIGN proliferation of melanocytes
NEVUS/Moles
59
Malignant brain/CNS
GLIOMA
60
MALIGNANT (and high grade) tumor of astrocytes
Glioblastoma
61
MALIGNANT tumor of oligodendroglial cells
Oligodendroglioma
62
BENIGN tumor of meningeal cells.
Meningioma
63
Epithelial derived
CARCINOMA
64
malignant glands
Adenocarcinoma
65
malignant finger-like projections in a tumor derived from glands making a cyst
Papillary cystadenocarcinoma
66
malignant placental origin
CHORIOCARCINOMA
67
Lack of differentiation
ANAPLASIA
68
What does loss of polarity mean in terms of cancer architecture?
In normal cells with a specific orientation (nucleus AWAY from the lumen), tumor cells get the orientation wrong (cells may have nuclei close to the lumen)
69
What characterizes Carcinoma In Situ? (3)
Marked pleomorphism Full thickness changes in the epithelium No invasion of basement membrane
70
\_\_ is less prognostically significant than \_\_\_
Grade is less prognostically significant than stage
71
Describe the staging system for cancer and which factor is most important prognostically?
TMN Tumor Metastasis (Lymph) Node Involvement Metastisis is most important prognostically
72
What limits rate of growth of cancer? (3)
1. DOUBLING TIME 2. GROWTH FRACTON: Fraction of cells replicating 3. Rate cells are shed or die
73
Chemotherapy targets what type of cells?
rapidly proliferating cells
74
Compare rate of growth of well differentiated vs poorly differentiated tumors
Poorly differentiated tumors have faster rate of growth than well differentiated
75
How does menopause or pregnancy affect size of a cancer of the uterus?
pregnancy enhances the cancer while menopause shrinks it
76
What gene is used in cancer cells to pump out toxins, including chemotherapeutic agents (one mechanism of 􏰅responsiveness or resistance to chemotherapy over time).
MDR-1 (Multi-Drug Resistance)-1 Gene
77
Explain the Warburg Effect (2 steps)
Tumors lack oxygen dependent ATP generation from mitochondria and rely on aerobic glycolysis Use large amounts of glucose regardless of O2 levels

Principles of Disease (8 decks)

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