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1B Gastroenterology > Cancers of GI tract > Flashcards

Cancers of GI tract Flashcards

1
Q

what are the causes of upper dysphagia?

A
  • Structural causes: Pharyngeal cancer, pharyngeal pouch
  • Neurological causes: Parkinson’s, stroke, motor neuron disease
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2
Q

what are the causes of lower dysphagia?

A
  • Structural causes:
    • Inside (mural and luminal): oesophageal or gastric cancer, stricture, Schatzki ring
    • Outside (extrinsic compression): lung cancer
  • Neurological causes: Achalasia, diffuse oesophageal spasm
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3
Q

what suggests upper dysphagia?

A

food painful on swallowing

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4
Q

what suggests lower dysphagia?

A

food easy to swallow but feels stuck seconds later

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5
Q

what are the signs of a neurological dysphagia cause?

A

both solids and liquids hard to swallow

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6
Q

what would blood in stool suggest?

A

GI malignancy

perform digital rectal examination

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7
Q

why can angina occur after meals?

A

blood shifts to bowel for digestion

limiting blood supply through narrowed coronary arteries

but unusual for angina to occur only after eating

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8
Q

what is the ECOG scale?

A

performance scale as to functioning in daily life

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9
Q

what is the tumour classification scale?

A

TNM

T- primary tumour invasion

N- lymph node involvement

M- distant metastases

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10
Q

what are the causes of microcytic anaemia?

A

MCV<80

  1. iron-deficiency anaemia
  2. anaemia of chronic disease
  3. thalassaemia
  4. sideroblastic anaemia
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11
Q

what are the causes of normocytic anaemia?

A

MCV (80-96)

ABCDE

aplastic anaemia

bleeding

chronic disease

destruction (haemolysis)

endocrine disorders (hypothyroidism, hypoadrenalism)

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12
Q

what are the causes of macrocytic anaemia?

A

MCV>96

FAT RBC

Foetus (pregnancy)

alcohol excess

thyroid disorders

reticulocytosis

B12/folate deficiency

cirrhosis

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13
Q

what are the GI causes of iron deficiency anaemia?

A
  1. Aspirin/NSAID use
  2. Colonic adenocarcinoma
  3. Gastric carcinoma
  4. Benign gastric ulcer
  5. Angiodysplasia
  6. Coeliac disease
  7. Gastrectomy (decreased absorption)
  8. H.pylori
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14
Q

what are the Non-GI causes of Iron deficiency anaemia?

A
  1. Menstruation
  2. Blood donation
  3. Haematuria (1% of iron deficiency anaemias)
  4. Epistaxis
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15
Q

what are the symptoms of colorectal cancer?

A
  • Change in bowel habit
  • Blood or mucus in stool
  • Faecal incontinence
  • Feeling of incomplete emptying of bowels (tenesmus)
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16
Q

what are the symptoms of upper GI cancer?

A

dysphagia

dyspepsia

17
Q

how are oesophageal cancers staged?

A
  • Staging CT CAP
  • Pet scan
  • Staging laparoscopy
  • All of the above are required!
18
Q

what do colorectal cancers require for CT?

A

Colorectal cancer requires only a staging CT scan- pet scan if unsure about lymph node involvement

1B Gastroenterology (12 decks)

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