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Reproductive Pathophysiology > Canine and Feline > Flashcards

Canine and Feline Flashcards

1
Q

when does canine puberty occur?

A

between 6 and 24 months
larger breed dogs usually later onset

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2
Q

what is canine puberty onset influenced by?

A

breed
size
environment
body condition

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3
Q

how large are canine ovaries?

A

1-3cm

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4
Q

where are canine ovaries located?

A

caudal to corresponding kidneys
within ovarian bursa

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5
Q

what prevents backflow from the uterus into the uterine tubes?

A

uterotubular junction

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6
Q

what type of uterus do canines have?

A

bicornuate

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7
Q

what is the canine cervix like?

A

short, thick-walled, muscular sphincter
within abdomen
1.5-2cm

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8
Q

what is the vaginal mucosa like in proestrus?

A

edematous and pink

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9
Q

what is the vaginal mucosa like in estrus?

A

pale pink
reduction in edema causes a crenulated appearance

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10
Q

where is the vestibule?

A

between lips of vulva and the vagina

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11
Q

how many mammary glands do canines typically have?

A

10
8-12

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12
Q

what type of estrous cycle do canines have?

A

monoestrous
non-seasonal (?)

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13
Q

how many times do canines typically cycle in a year?

A

twice
can range 1-4 a year

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14
Q

how long does proestrus last in a bitch?

A

9 days

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15
Q

what are hormones doing during proestrus?

A

estradiol peaks
progesterone begins to rise in late proestrus

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16
Q

how long does estrus last in a bitch?

A

9 days

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17
Q

how long does diestrus last in the bitch?

A

2 months

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18
Q

what are hormones doing during diestrus?

A

low estradiol
elevated progesterone throughout

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19
Q

how long does anestrus last in a bitch?

A

4 months

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20
Q

what are hormones doing during anestrus?

A

estradiol low
progesterone low
FSH and LH pulses increase in late anestrus

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21
Q

when does ovulation occur?

A

2 days after LH surge

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22
Q

at what stage do eggs ovulate in canines?

A

primary oocytes in prophase I

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23
Q

how long do eggs remain fertile after maturation?

A

48-72 hours

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24
Q

how long to eggs in canines require to complete metaphase II?

A

48-60 hours

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25
Q

what is vaginal cytology useful for?

A

evaluate progression of estrous cycle

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26
Q

what cells can you find in a vaginal cytology?

A

parabasal
intermediate
superficial
anucleate

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27
Q

when are parabasal cells seen?

A

diestrus
anestrus
not uncommon in early proestrus

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28
Q

what do parabasal cells look like?

A

fried egg appearance

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29
Q

when are intermediate cells seen?

A

proestrus

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30
Q

when are superficial cells seen?

A

late proestrus
estrus

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31
Q

what is the nucleus like in superficial cells?

A

undefined or small

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32
Q

when are anucleate cells seen?

A

estrus

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33
Q

what is an anucleate cell like?

A

cornified
nucleus is absent
polygonal or “cornflake” shape evident

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34
Q

what engages the copulatory lock?

A

bulbus glandis

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35
Q

what accessory sex gland does the dog have?

A

prostate

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36
Q

where is the prostate located?

A

retroperitoneal

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37
Q

what provides most of the ejaculatory volume?

A

prostate

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38
Q

when do testicles descend in dogs?

A

within first week of life typically
final position at 35 days
not classified as cryptorchid until 6 months old

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39
Q

when does puberty occur in the dog?

A

approximately 1 year of age

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40
Q

what is puberty in the dog?

A

age of first ejaculation

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41
Q

what are the secondary behaviors in the dog?

A

humping
marking
leg lifting

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42
Q

how long does the copulatory lock last?

A

10-15 minutes

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43
Q

what should you look at when evaluating semen?

A

color
opacity
volume

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44
Q

what is ideal motility in dogs?

A

> 70%

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45
Q

what is ideal morphology in dogs?

A

> 70%

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46
Q

what do you evaluate when looking at morphology?

A

individual sperm shape

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47
Q

how long does chilled preserved sperm last after collection?

A

several days

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48
Q

how long does cryopreserved sperm last after collection?

A

years

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49
Q

how long is cryopreserved sperm viable in the bitch?

A

12-24 hours

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50
Q

how often do you breed when using natural service?

A

every other day
typically between day 10-14 of cycle

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51
Q

what are some challenges associated with natural service?

A

transporting dogs
arranging for multiple breedings
not ideal for some breeds

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52
Q

what tool is used in trans-cervical insemination?

A

rigid fiberoptic endoscope

53
Q

where is semen deposited in intrauterine/surgical insemination?

A

horns of uterus via abdominal surgical incision

54
Q

when do canine embryos implant?

A

16-18 days after LH surge

55
Q

what type of placenta do canines have?

A

zonary endotheliochorial

56
Q

where does progesterone come from in the pregnant bitch?

A

corpus luteum
not placenta

57
Q

what is gestational length in bitches?

A

65 days from LH surge
63 days from ovulation

58
Q

how can pregnancy be diagnosed in bitches?

A

palpation
ultrasound
relaxin
radiographs

59
Q

when is palpation best performed for diagnosing pregnancy in the bitch?

A

prior to 31 days

60
Q

when is ultrasound performed to diagnose pregnancy?

A

25-28 days best
up to 35 days post ovulation

61
Q

what is ultrasound useful for in diagnosing pregnancy?

A

fetal viability
reasonably fetal counts
gestational aging from fetal measurements

62
Q

when is palpating for pregnancy challenging?

A

large dogs
tense abdomens
more cranial position
mammary development

63
Q

what is relaxin?

A

hormone released from gravid uterus to relax pelvis and vagina

64
Q

does relaxin assess viability?

A

no

65
Q

when does fetal skeletal mineralization begin in canines?

A

45 days of gestation

66
Q

when can you get an accurate fetal count using radiographs?

A

55-60 days of gestation

67
Q

how can you predict onset of parturition?

A

2 degree F drop correlates with a <2 ng/ml serum progesterone
relaxation of gravid uterus
mammary development or early lactation

68
Q

how reliable is predicting onset of parturition?

A

fairly inaccurate

69
Q

how long does stage I of parturition last in canines?

A

6-12 hours
primiparous bitches may last 36 hours

70
Q

how often should puppies be delivered during stage II of parturition?

A

every 30-60 minutes

71
Q

how long may the entire delivery (stages II and III) last?

A

12 hours

72
Q

does stage III come after all of the puppies are born?

A

alternates with stage II

73
Q

what is the uterus like in the queen?

A

long uterine horns
short uterine body

74
Q

what estrous cycle do queens have?

A

seasonally polyestrous long-day breeders

75
Q

when do queens cycle?

A

February through September/October

76
Q

when does puberty begin in queens?

A

5-9 months of age

77
Q

what does puberty onset in queens depend on?

A

season when born
breed

78
Q

how long does proestrus last in the queen?

A

1-2 days average

79
Q

how long does estrus last in the queen?

A

7 days average
2-19 days

80
Q

what are hormones doing in estrus in the queen?

A

high estradiol
low progesterone

81
Q

what are estrus behaviors in queens?

A

lordosis
vocalization
restlessness
head rubbing

82
Q

are external genitalia changes visible in queens in estrus?

A

no

83
Q

what does it mean that the queen is an induced ovulator?

A

LH is released following copulation from vaginal/cervical stimulation

84
Q

when does ovulation occur in the queen?

A

24-36 hours after the LH surge
LH surge occurs within 10 minutes of coitus

85
Q

when does the interestrus/postestrus period occur?

A

follows estrus if queen failed to ovulate/copulate

86
Q

when does diestrus occur in the queen?

A

only if queen has induced ovulation
after estrus

87
Q

when does anestrus occur in queens?

A

autumn/winter in northern hemisphere

88
Q

what are hormone levels in anestrus in queens?

A

baseline plasma estradiol and progesterone

89
Q

when do testicles descend in toms?

A

normally at birth
can freely move within inguinal canal until puberty

90
Q

describe what happens to the tom penis around puberty?

A

attachment to prepuce breaks down

91
Q

what are the keratinous projections on the tom penis dependent on?

A

testosterone

92
Q

when do the keratinous projections on the tom penis regress after castration?

A

4-6 weeks

93
Q

what accessory sex glands to toms have?

A

prostate
bulbourethral gland

94
Q

how can you breed cats using natural breeding?

A

female should travel to male
place together on day 2 or 3 of estrus
allow multiple breedings over at least 2 days

95
Q

how long does mating of cats take?

A

5-50 seconds

96
Q

how long is pregnancy in queens?

A

average 63-65 days

97
Q

what is the average litter size in cats?

A

3-5 kittens

98
Q

what type of placenta do cats have?

A

zonary endotheliochorial

99
Q

when can pregnancy be diagnosed in a queen with palpation?

A

17-25 days
harder to count >35 days due to confluence

100
Q

when is ultrasound recommended for diagnosing pregnancy in the queen?

A

20-30 days

101
Q

when does fetal calcification occur in the queen?

A

begins 30-40 days

102
Q

how long does stage I of parturition last in a queen?

A

2-12 hours

103
Q

how long can it take between kittens for a queen to deliver?

A

12-24 hours between each kitten

104
Q

when should kittens nurse?

A

within 24 hours after birth to absorb colostrum

105
Q

when do queens resume cyclicity?

A

1-3 weeks following weaning

106
Q

what can you look at for predictions of bitch heat?

A

familial repro history
first heats less predictable and can be split

107
Q

what does the isthmus of the bitch oviduct have?

A

crypts for sperm docking

108
Q

what is the vaginal mucosa like in diestrus?

A

patchy and hyperemic
irritable tissue

109
Q

what is vaginal discharge like in proestrus?

A

serosanguinous

110
Q

what is serum progesterone in proestrus?

A

<1 ng/ml

111
Q

what is serum progesterone at or near the LH surge?

A

1.0-1.9 ng/ml

112
Q

when do eggs in the bitch become mature after the LH surge?

A

4 days after: start of fertile window

113
Q

when are parabasal cells absent from vaginal cytology in the bitch?

A

estrus

114
Q

when can neutrophils be seen on a vaginal cytology of a bitch?

A

diestrus following copulation
proestrus, especially with RBCs present

115
Q

what is volume of ejaculate relevant to?

A

final sperm count
not reflection of performance

116
Q

how can AI with frozen semen be performed?

A

intrauterine/surgical

117
Q

in queens, how much light inhibits folliculogenesis?

A

<8hours

118
Q

does the queen have a preovulatory rise of progesterone?

A

no

119
Q

what is progesterone like in diestrus of the queen if she copulates?

A

> 1-2ng/ml

120
Q

how long do elevated progesterone levels last in the queen for pseudopregnancy and pregnancy?

A

40 days for pseudopregnancy
60 days for pregnancy

121
Q

how are the mammary glands of dogs arranged?

A

two thoracic
two abdominal
one inguinal

122
Q

what is the range of serum progesterone at or near ovulation?

A

4.0-10 ng/ml

123
Q

what is the ideal concentration of semen?

A

10 million sperm/lb body weight

124
Q

between which days of a bitch’s cycle are bitches typically bred?

A

days 10-14

125
Q

what progesterone level in queens is indicative of ovulation?

A

> 1ng/ml

126
Q

what percentage of cats fail to ovulate after a single breeding?

A

50%

127
Q

how many times should cats mate in a two hour period?

A

4-8 times

128
Q

what is pregnancy duration often based on in queens?

A

breed and litter size
usually 63-65 days

Reproductive Pathophysiology (12 decks)

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