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Reproductive Pathophysiology > Section 5: Swine > Flashcards

Section 5: Swine Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of the swine uterus?

A

sperm transport
environment for pre-attachment embryo
maternal contribution for the placenta
expulsion of the fetus and fetal placenta
luteolysis and control of the estrous cycle

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2
Q

what promotes prostaglandin (PGF2alpha) synthesis by the uterine endometrium?

A

oxytocin from endometrium, posterior pituitary, and corpus luteum

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3
Q

how large is the swine cervix?

A

up to 20cm in length

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4
Q

what does the swine cervix contain?

A

interdigitating prominences

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5
Q

do swine ovaries have multiple ovulations?

A

yes
multi-ovulatory ovaries

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6
Q

how large does the ovarian follicle grow before ovulation in swine?

A

8-12mm in diameter

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7
Q

where does ovulation occur in the swine ovary?

A

random locations

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8
Q

what is produced from the ovary that contributes to estrus behavior and morphologic changes in the reproductive tract?

A

estradiol

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9
Q

what type of breeders are sows?

A

nonseasonal polyestrous breeders

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10
Q

what percentage of USA swine farms use artificial insemination?

A

90%

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11
Q

when does the first AI tend to be performed on gilts?

A

second or third cycle

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12
Q

how long does pregnancy last in the sow?

A

113-115 days

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13
Q

what is the weaning to estrus interval in sows? how is this useful?

A

4-6 days
weaning can be used to synchronize estrus

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14
Q

how many oocytes do sows ovulate each estrus?

A

15-30 oocytes

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15
Q

there are lower farrowing rates for sows mated during ___________________________

A

late summer through fall

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16
Q

why are there lower farrowing rates for sows mated during late summer to fall?

A

increased postweaning anestrus
decreased conception rate
decreased boar fertility

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17
Q

how long does the corpus luteum last in the sow?

A

about 14 days

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18
Q

what is luteolysis caused by?

A

PGF2alpha from the uterus

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19
Q

when does the corpus luteum respond to exogenous prostaglandin?

A

only after day 11-12
do not use prostaglandin to synchronize estrus

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20
Q

how long is the sow proestrus?

A

long
4 days: luteolysis to estrus

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21
Q

how long is the sow estrus?

A

1-4 days
2 days: owner detected
3-4 days in presence of boar

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22
Q

when are sows bred?

A

first and second day of estrus

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23
Q

when do most sows ovulate?

A

second day of estrus
36-44 hours after onset of estrus

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24
Q

sows may ovulate ______________ follicles

A

10 to 25+

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25
Q

when does puberty occur in gilts?

A

6 months
200 days

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26
Q

when are gilts bred?

A

7 months
second or third estrus: first estrus fertility low

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27
Q

when does a gilt farrow?

A

11 months old

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28
Q

what factors influence the onset of puberty in gilts?

A

age
nutrition
body weight
season/lighting
confinement
boar exposure

29
Q

how does confinement affect the age of puberty?

A

confinement/crowding increases stress a little, which leads to earlier onset of puberty

30
Q

how can the first estrus be induced in gilts?

A

hormonal manipulation: stimulate follicle growth or modulate luteal function

31
Q

what things may delay puberty?

A

long days
high ambient temperature
restricted diet
small group size
fewer than 4 gilts in a pen

32
Q

________ generally have a higher ovulation rate than ________

A

sows
gilts

33
Q

when does the ovulation rate of gilts increase?

A

over first four estrus periods

34
Q

what is the cardinal sign of heat detection?

A

“standing” to back pressure
best if boar is present
“boar-mate”

35
Q

what are the non-cardinal signs of heat detection in the sow?

A

restlessness
boar seeking
swollen, red vulva
mucous discharge

36
Q

what accessory sex glands do boars have?

A

vesicular gland
prostate gland
bulbourethral gland

37
Q

what accessory sex gland do boars not have?

A

ampulla

38
Q

what accessory sex gland contributes the bulk of the seminal volume?

A

vesicular gland

39
Q

what type of penis does the boar have?

A

fibroelastic with sigmoid flexure
corkscrew-shaped glans penis

40
Q

where are the boar testes located?

A

immediately ventral to the anus

41
Q

what is the volume of the boar ejaculate?

A

100-300ml
greatest volume of all domestic species

42
Q

how many sperm are in a boar’s ejaculate?

A

30-55 billion sperm/ejaculate

43
Q

what day do the embryos enter the uterus?

A

day 3

44
Q

what day do the embryos migrate to evenly space out in the uterus?

A

after day 7

45
Q

when does maternal recognition of the fetuses occur in the sow?

A

day 11-12

46
Q

how many embryos must be present for maternal recognition of pregnancy in the sow?

A

at least 2 embryos in each horn

47
Q

when do crowded embryos die in the sow?

A

after day 30

48
Q

how does maternal recognition of pregnancy occur in the sow?

A

estradiol causes prostaglandin to be rerouted into uterine lumen
PGF2alpha destroyed in uterine lumen, preventing it from entering circulation and luteinizing the corpus luteum

49
Q

when do swine embryos start to attach?

A

day 14

50
Q

what type of placenta is the swine placenta?

A

diffuse epitheliochorial placenta

51
Q

how long does stage two of parturition last in the sow?

A

1-6 hours

52
Q

how long does the average lactation last in the sow?

A

4 weeks

53
Q

can you breed a sow while she is nursing?

A

no- anestrus

54
Q

when are sows bred?

A

5 days after piglets removed
at first postweaning estrus

55
Q

what is the goal of breeding sows soon after the piglets are removed?

A

2 litters/sow/year

56
Q

what does the swine cervix require for insemination?

A

specialized penis
AI catheter

57
Q

what is something that can externally be monitored for heat detection in swine?

A

vulva: significant changes seen in estrus and diestrus

58
Q

how long is the estrous cycle of sows?

A

21 days

59
Q

what is used to stimulate follicle growth?

A

gonadotropin use

60
Q

what is used to modulate luteal function?

A

PGF2alpha

61
Q

what is associated with a negative effect on ovulation rate and conception?

A

high temperature

62
Q

what is the smallest accessory sex gland in the boar?

A

prostate gland

63
Q

what does the bulbourethral gland produce?

A

large gel fraction of boar’s semen

64
Q

what does the preputial cavity of the boar collect?

A

urine
semen
other fluids
harbors large bacterial population

65
Q

what is the medial raphe in the boar testes and scrotum like?

A

prominent

66
Q

what is the motility and morphology of boar semen like?

A

excellent

67
Q

is the swine pregnancy dependent upon the corpus luteum for the whole time?

A

yes

68
Q

when do swine embryos start to attach?

A

day 14

69
Q

how common are stillbirths and mummies in swine parturition?

A

stillbirths common
mummies may be seen in normal litters

Reproductive Pathophysiology (12 decks)

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