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Reproductive Pathophysiology > Reproductive Pathophysiology Female I > Flashcards

Reproductive Pathophysiology Female I Flashcards

1
Q

is the dog ovary within an ovarian bursa?

A

yes- one of two domestic species

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2
Q

is ovarian agenesis in association with uterine horn agenesis?

A

no

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3
Q

who is ovarian agenesis seen in?

A

cats

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4
Q

what is ovarian hypoplasia often related to?

A

chromosomal abnormalities
also germ cell deficit or freemartins

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5
Q

what is germ cell deficit?

A

reduction in number of germinal cells

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6
Q

are supernumerary/accessory ovaries functional?

A

can be

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7
Q

what are supernumerary/accessory ovaries a potential cause of?

A

ovarian remnant syndrome

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8
Q

what is the significance of varicoceles?

A

often incidental

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9
Q

what are varicoceles?

A

vascular hamartomas/varices

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10
Q

what are varicoceles often associated with?

A

ovarian pedicle

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11
Q

what are some cystic conditions in the ovary and oviduct?

A

benign cysts
follicular cysts
cyst-like tumors

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12
Q

what is the significance of periovarian cysts?

A

usually incidental

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13
Q

what is cystic ovarian rete?

A

senile change in all species

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14
Q

what is the significance of cystic ovarian rete?

A

seldom cause clinical signs

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15
Q

how common is cystic ovarian rete in dogs?

A

up to 10% of older dogs

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16
Q

what do you need to rule out when you find an ovarian or oviduct cyst?

A

cystadenomas
cystadenocarcinomas

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17
Q

what do follicles do in cystic ovarian disease?

A

follicles take on cystic characteristics

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18
Q

who is cystic ovarian disease most common in?

A

cattle
sows
bitches
mares

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19
Q

what are cystic graafian follicles common in?

A

dairy cows

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20
Q

what can cystic graafian follicles lead to?

A

hyperestrogenism
nymphomania: persistent heat

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21
Q

what is the cycling activity of luteinized cystic follicles?

A

acyclic

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22
Q

what do luteinized cystic follicles secrete?

A

progesterone

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23
Q

who is cystic subsurface epithelial structures seen in?

A

dogs
mares
older intact animals

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24
Q

where are cystic subsurface epithelial structures or inclusion cysts seen?

A

in surface epithelium of ovary

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25
Q

what are the types of ovarian tumors?

A

germ cell
ovarian stroma
ovarian surface epithelium

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26
Q

who has the greatest incidence of ovarian tumors in domestic animals?

A

mare

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27
Q

what type of ovarian tumor is most common in mares?

A

granulosa cell tumor: 80%
also called granulosa theca cell tumor

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28
Q

what type of ovarian tumor is most common in bitches?

A

surface epithelium
slightly more than stromal- granulosa cell

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29
Q

are granulosa cell tumors unilateral or bilateral?

A

unilateral

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30
Q

what percentage of ovarian tumors in the mare are granulosa cell tumors?

A

80%

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31
Q

what do granulosa cell tumors produce?

A

often estrogen
androgens
progesterone and inhibin

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32
Q

what do granulosa cells produce?

A

anti-mullerian hormone

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33
Q

what can a necrotizing granulosa cell tumor be confused with?

A

hemorrhagic anovulatory follicle or hemorrhagic cyst

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34
Q

do ovaries with granulosa cell tumors have ovulation fossas?

A

no: just round

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35
Q

what can granulosa cell tumors lead to in cows?

A

cystic endometrial hyperplasia of the uterus

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36
Q

what is the most common ovarian tumor in queens?

A

granulosa cell tumors

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37
Q

are granulosa cell tumors in queens usually malignant or benign?

A

malignant

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38
Q

are granulosa cell tumors in bitches usually benign or malignant?

A

benign

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39
Q

what are some germ cell tumors?

A

dysgerminomas
teratoma

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40
Q

what are teratomas like?

A

differentiate into many different cell types
benign

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41
Q

what is dysgerminoma analogous to?

A

seminoma in male

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42
Q

what is the cell of origin of dysgerminoma?

A

germ cell

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43
Q

what cells do teratomas arise from?

A

totipotent germ cells

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44
Q

how common are papillary adenocarcinomas in canine ovarian tumors?

A

45%

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45
Q

are papillary adenocarcinomas usually unilateral or bilateral?

A

bilateral

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46
Q

where do papillary adenocarcinomas invade?

A

ovarian bursa: shaggy
serosal surfaces of abdomen: ascites

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47
Q

what is oophoritis?

A

inflammatory lesions in the ovary

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48
Q

what is the most common etiology of oophoritis?

A

ascending infections from reproductive tract

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49
Q

what cells can oophoritis be transmitted to?

A

germ cells

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50
Q

who is viral infection of the ovary seen in?

A

cattle
sows

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51
Q

when should you consider viral infection of the ovary?

A

transferring embryos

52
Q

what is a possibility when a horse has a large corpus hemorrhagicum that takes awhile to resolve and can bleed?

A

granulosa cell tumor

53
Q

what can zearalanone induce in sows?

A

signs like estrus, no mature follicles

54
Q

what is zearalanone?

A

mycotoxin produced by Fusarium spp of fungus

55
Q

what is ovarian remnant syndrome?

A

functional ovarian tissue in previously ovariohysterectomized queen or bitch

56
Q

where is residual tissue in ovarian remnant syndrome usually?

A

ovarian pedicle
right side

57
Q

what is necessary in spayed animals for granulosa cell tumors to form?

A

remnants

58
Q

how common are congenital defects in anomalies of the ovary?

A

rare

59
Q

who can hydrosalpinx be seen in?

A

sows

60
Q

what is cervix bifida?

A

congenital malformation
vertical septum in cervix

61
Q

are animals with cervix bifida fertile?

A

yes, but dystocias

62
Q

who is a double cervical os most common in?

A

cattle

63
Q

are cattle with a double cervical os fertile?

A

yes, but dystocias

64
Q

what can an incompetent cervical os lead to?

A

chronic endometritis

65
Q

why is prolapse or cervical rings in cattle difficult?

A

can complicate AI

66
Q

what are cystic gartner’s ducts?

A

vestigial remnants of mesonephric ducts

67
Q

where are cystic gartner’s ducts found?

A

lateral walls of cranial vagina

68
Q

where are cystic vestibular glands found?

A

only cows
on floor of vestibule

69
Q

what is the etiology of cystic vestibular glands?

A

estrogen

70
Q

what is vulvar/cervix trauma related to?

A

dystocias
secondary bacterial infections

71
Q

when can non-traumatic vulvar swelling be seen?

A

during estrus
prior to parturition
hyperestrogenism

72
Q

when can hyperestrogenism be seen in swine?

A

mycotoxin: zearalanone

73
Q

who can granular vulvovaginitis occur in?

A

young dogs
heifers
after first breeding

74
Q

when can granular vulvovaginitis be seen?

A

after first breeding
secondary to staph dermatitis

75
Q

how can you diagnose that vulvar pustules are due to herpesvirus?

A

intranuclear inclusion bodies

76
Q

who is impacted by infectious pustular vulvovaginitis?

A

cattle

77
Q

what is neoplasia of the vagina and vulva mediated by?

A

estrogen

78
Q

what would be a rule out with a neoplasm of the vagina and vulva- vaginal polyp?

A

leiomyoma

79
Q

what is leiomyoma related to?

A

chronic estrogen stimulation

80
Q

who does transmissible venereal tumor occur in?

A

only dogs

81
Q

how is transmissible venereal tumor transmitted?

A

venereally by transfer of neoplastic cells: not transformation of their own cells

82
Q

who does fibropapilloma occur in?

A

cattle

83
Q

what causes fibropapilloma?

A

bovine papilloma virus

84
Q

who is squamous cell carcinoma in vagina and vulva seen in?

A

primarily cattle and horses

85
Q

where does squamous cell carcinoma often form?

A

on areas of light pigmentation

86
Q

who is malignant melanoma specific to?

A

older gray mares

87
Q

is there a genetic component to malignant melanoma?

A

yes

88
Q

what is bilateral agenesis of the uterus?

A

failure of growth of paramesonephric ducts

89
Q

what can unilateral agenesis (uterus unicornus) be related to?

A

ipsilateral renal agenesis

90
Q

is the ipsilateral ovary present in unilateral agenesis (uterus unicornus)?

A

yes

91
Q

what is segmental aplasia of the uterus?

A

segmental arrests in development

92
Q

what is uterus didelphys?

A

double cervix

93
Q

what can segmental aplasia be mistaken for?

A

pregnancy

94
Q

what is hypoplasia of the uterus?

A

uterus does not fully develop
lack of hormonal stimulation/intersex

95
Q

what is atrophy of the uterus?

A

start normal
reduction in thickness of endometrium and myometrium

96
Q

what is uterine endometrial hyperplasia from?

A

stimulation of uterine endometrial growth
prolonged hormonal stimulation

97
Q

what is uterine endometrial hyperplasia in dogs and cats?

A

progesterone acting on estrogen primed uterus

98
Q

where can estrogen come from in estrogen mediated endometrial hyperplasia?

A

follicular cysts
granulosa cell tumors
exogenous sources

99
Q

what is estrogen mediated endometrial hyperplasia in sheep from?

A

phytoestrogens in grazing pastures

100
Q

what can estrogen mediated endometrial hyperplasia in sheep cause?

A

temporary infertility
prolapsed vagina
dystocias

101
Q

what happens histologically in estrogen mediated endometrial hyperplasia?

A

hypertrophy of myometrium
hyperplasia of endometrium
edematous stroma
increase in endometrial glands

102
Q

what is the most common reproductive disorder in the intact dog?

A

progesterone mediated endometrial hyperplasia

103
Q

what can progesterone mediated endometrial hyperplasia be related to?

A

secondary bacterial infection
failure of corpus luteum to regress

104
Q

what can be seen in early cystic endometrial hyperplasia pyometra complex?

A

cysts
proliferation
long micropapillary projections
minimal inflammatory cells

105
Q

what can be seen in late cystic endometrial hyperplasia pyometra complex?

A

bacterial invasion
mucopurulent exudate
cervix closed or open
open retained corpus luteums

106
Q

what can subsurface epithelial structures cause in dogs?

A

pyometra

107
Q

what is endometritis in the horse?

A

inflammatory response after breeding

108
Q

what are the histological signs of endometritis in the horse?

A

signs of inflammation
periglandular fibrosis
endometrial atrophy
lymphatic lacunae enlargement

109
Q

what is the first category in the kenny system?

A

essentially normal

110
Q

what is the third category in the kenny system?

A

severe changes
10% likelihood of pregnancy

111
Q

what is cystic ovarian disease in association with in bitches?

A

cystic endometrial hyperplasia

112
Q

what can mares have in cystic ovarian disease?

A

have persistent large follicle, but cycle normally

113
Q

what are the types of surface epithelium ovarian tumors in bitches?

A

adenoma/adenocarcinoma
papillary cystadenocarcinomas

114
Q

what can you see histologically in granulosa cell tumors?

A

call-exner bodies

115
Q

what happens to the contralateral ovary in granulosa cell tumors?

A

reduction in size

116
Q

do dysgerminomas secrete hormone?

A

no

117
Q

are teratomas usually benign or malignant?

A

benign

118
Q

can papillary adenocarcinoma metastasize?

A

no

119
Q

when has oophoritis been seen in cattle?

A

contaminated semen
ascending infection following metritis/retained placenta

120
Q

do cystic vestibular glands impact fertility in cows?

A

not unless infected or very large

121
Q

what type of tumor is leiomyoma?

A

smooth muscle

122
Q

does transmissible venereal tumor eventually undergo spontaneous regression?

A

yes

123
Q

what can cause chronic estrogen stimulation that leads to leiomyomas?

A

cystic ovarian follicles
estrogen-secreting tumors

124
Q

when do you see neutrophils, macrophages, and eosinophils in endometritis in the horse?

A

neutrophils: acute
macrophages: chronic
eosinophils: fungal

125
Q

what types of surface epithelium tumors can bitches get?

A

adenoma/adenocarcinoma
papillary cystadenocarcinomas

126
Q

what hormones can be used to diagnose granulosa cell tumors in horses?

A

AMH/MIS

127
Q

what are the signs of zearalenone in sows?

A

like estrus
no mature follicles

Reproductive Pathophysiology (12 decks)

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