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Theriogenology > Canine Prostate Diseases and Other Male Conditions > Flashcards

Canine Prostate Diseases and Other Male Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

What does the prostate produce in the dog?

A

Seminal plasma

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2
Q

What is the prostate responsible for?

A

Fluid components of all 3 fractions of ejaculate

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3
Q

What pathway converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone?

A

5α-reductase

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4
Q

What diagnostics should be done when evaluating the prostate?

A

Collect and evaluate prostatic fluid
Color, volume, pH, motility, morphology of sperm-rich fraction
Color, pH, cytological evaluation of prostatic fluid
US, radiographs, culture, FNA, biopsy

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5
Q

What is the most common disease of the canine prostate?

A

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

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6
Q

What dogs most commonly get BPH?

A

Older, intact male dogs
>80% of dogs over 5 years have gross or microscopic evidence of BPH
95% of dogs affected by 9 years of age

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7
Q

What is BPH the result of?

A

Natural aging and hormonal influences on the prostate gland

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8
Q

What is BPH dependent on?

A

Testosterone and age

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9
Q

What is the key to prostatic stimulation leading to stromal and glandular growth?

A

DHT

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10
Q

What sensitizes the prostate to DHT?

A

Estrogen

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11
Q

What are the clinical signs of BPH?

A 
Usually absent
Bloody urethral discahrge
Hemospermia
Tenesmus
Hematuria
Stranguria
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12
Q

What is seen on physical exam of BPH?

A

Usually unremarkable except for prostatic changes
Enlarged prostate on digital exam
Generally symmetrical however some dogs will have an irregular pattern
Non-painful to mild discomfort

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13
Q

What is seen on diagnostic imaging with BPH?

A

Prostatomegaly
Homogenous, hyperechoic pattern
May have small cystic areas

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14
Q

What is used to diagnose BPH?

A

Often made base on clinical signs, history, and PE findings
Prostatic massage and wash
FNA
Tru-cut biopsy

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15
Q

What is the treatment of BPH?

A

Required only if clinical signs are present
Castration is TOC
Finasteride (Proscar and Propecia) for 2-3 month

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16
Q

What does finasteride do?

A

Inhibits 5α-reductase

Stops conversion of T to DHT

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17
Q

Is the resolution of BPH faster with castration or medical management?

A

Castration

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18
Q

What are prostatic cysts typically associated with?

A

BPH

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19
Q

What are prostatic cysts?

A

Fluid retention from obstructed canaliculi

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20
Q

What do prostatic cysts create?

A

Cavitating lesion filled with fluid that can become an abscess

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21
Q

What is prostatitis more common in?

A

Older dogs with BPH

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22
Q

What is the pathophysiology of prostatitis?

A

Glandular changes occur which leads to a disruption of prostatic fluid or urine flow and predisposes the gland to infection (secondary to squamous metaplasia or cysts)
Ascending infection

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23
Q

What are the defense mechanisms against prostatitis?

A

Frequent urination
Urethral pressure
Local production of IgA, IgG
Breakdown in the face of bacteria predisposes the prostate to infection

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24
Q

What are the clinical signs of prostatitis?

A 
Urethral discharge
Hematuria
Pollakiuria or dysuria
Tenesmus
Fever
Caudal abdominal pain
Painful prostate on rectal exam
Anorexia
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25
Q

What does CBC with prostatitis depend on?

A

Severity and duration

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26
Q

What could possibly show up on a CBC with prostatitis?

A

Neutrophilia with a left shift

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27
Q

What does serum chem show with prostatitis?

A

Generally unremarkable

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28
Q

What does UA show with prostatitis?

A

Pyuria, heaturia, urine culture is usually positive (cysto sample)

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29
Q

What is seen on the semen evaluation with prostatitis?

A

Leukospermia, excessive WBCs in prostatic fraction

Hemospermia

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30
Q

What is found on US with prostatitis?

A

Profound changes in echogenicity, “moth eaten” look

Small cystic areas with flocculent fluid

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31
Q

Which is harder to diagnose, acute or chronic prostatitis? Why?

A

Chronic

Very subtle clinical signs, prostate may not be enlarged or painful

32
Q

What is the common bacteria found with prostatitis?

A 
E. coli**
Klebsiella sp
Staphylococcus sp
Streptococcus sp
Proteus sp
Pseudomonas sp
33
Q

How frequently is prostatitis caused by one organisms?

A

70% of the time

34
Q

What should be used for treatment of prostatitis?

A

Highly lipid soluble drugs that enter the prostate (fluoroquinolones, chloramphenicol, TMS)
Antibiotics with high pH that enter the acidic environment very well (enrofloxacin, TMS)

35
Q

How long does treatment of prostatitis take?

A

It is long-term, at least 4-6 weeks

36
Q

What is a severe sequela to prostatitis?

A

Prostatic abscess

37
Q

What can a prostatic abscess create if it ruptures?

A

Fulminating peritonitis

38
Q

How is a prostatic abscess treated?

A

Surgical drainage with omentalization is older option
US guided aspiration is gaining popularity
Don’t treat with antibiotics alone

39
Q

Why does a prostatic abscess rarely result in cure?

A

Inability of antibiotics to penetrate the prostate and/or abscess

40
Q

What are the adjunctive treatments of a prostatic abscess?

A

Castration or finasteride

Surgical drainage if needed

41
Q

What is the incidence rate of prostatic neoplasia?

A

0.2-0.6%

42
Q

What is the age at diagnosis of prostatic neoplasia?

A

Range: 5-17 years
Median: 10 years

43
Q

What has an increased risk of prostatic neoplasia?

A

Neutered males compared to intact males

44
Q

What is the most common prostate condition found in neutered males?

A

Prostatic neoplasia

45
Q

What should a palpable prostate in a neutered male be assumed to be?

A

Neoplasia until proven otherwise

46
Q

What are the clinical signs of prostatic neoplasia?

A 
Tenesmus (colon impingement)
Weight loss
Stranguria
Dysuria
Systemic illness
Hindlimb weakness or pain (skeletal metastasis)
Asymmetrical enlargement
47
Q

What is seen on radiographs in a dog with prostatic neoplasia?

A 
Prostatomegaly
Irregular border
Mineralization**
Lymphadenopathy
Periosteal new bone formation
48
Q

What are prostatic tumors independent of?

A

Androgen

49
Q

What is the success rate of treating prostatic neoplasia?

A

Poor, survival time is typically only a few months after diagnosis

50
Q

What is the only contagious tumor in small animals?

A

Transmissible venereal tumor (TVT)

51
Q

What geographical areas does TVT usually occur?

A

Tropical and subtropical areas

52
Q

What is the original cell type of TVTs?

A

Histiocyte

53
Q

What is the primary site of TVT in males? Females?

A

Penis

Vagina

54
Q

Does metastasis occur with TVT?

A

Rarely

55
Q

How do you diagnose TVT?

A

Cytology

Biopsy

56
Q

How do you treat TVT?

A

Vincristine (TOC)

Adriamycin

57
Q

What is the prognosis with TVT?

A

Good

58
Q

When is persistent frenulum seen?

A

In young dogs prior to puberty

59
Q

When is the frenulum normally lost?

A

At the time of pberty

60
Q

What does a persistent frenulum prevent?

A

Copulation

61
Q

How is a persistent frenulum corrected?

A

With surgery

62
Q

Is a persistent frenulum heritable?

A

It is in other species, but it is unknown in the dog

63
Q

What is paraphimosis?

A

Failure of the penis to retract into the prepuce

64
Q

What can paraphimosis lead to?

A

Ischemic necrosis of the penis

65
Q

How can paraphimosis be prevented?

A

Facilitate retraction of penis into the prepuce following breeding

66
Q

What is needed in severe cases of paraphimosis?

A

Surgical amputation

67
Q

What is the most common disorder of sexual development in dogs?

A

Cryptorchidism (~13%)

68
Q

Is cryptorchidism heritable?

A

Yes, but the mode of heritability is unknown

69
Q

When should a case of cryptorchidism be confirmed? Why?

A

Should not confirm a case until 4-6 months of age because testicular descent is not normally completed until birth or shortly thereafter

70
Q

What is there a risk for with cryptorchidism?

A

Neoplasia in the retained testicle

71
Q

How can you test to see if an animal is cryptorchid?

A

Cox test: GnRH of hCG followed by measurement of testosterone levels

72
Q

How is cryptorchidism treated?

A

Castration

73
Q

What is balanoposthitis?

A

Non-specific inflammation of the penis

74
Q

What are causes of balanoposthitis?

A 
Trauma
Neoplasia
Infection
Herpes virus
Foreign bodies
75
Q

What can provide a more accurate diagnosis of balanoposthitis?

A

Histopathology

76
Q

How do you treat balanoposthitis?

A

Symptomatically

Theriogenology (10 decks)

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