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Theriogenology > Swine Theriogenology > Flashcards

Swine Theriogenology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a gilt?

A

Primiparous female

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2
Q

What is a sow?

A

Multiparous female

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3
Q

What is a barrow?

A

Castrated male

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4
Q

What is a boar?

A

Intact male

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5
Q

What type of cyclicity do pigs have?

A

Non-seasonal polyestrus

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6
Q

How long is the estrous cycle in swine?

A

18-23 days (21 day average)

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7
Q

What is the gestation length for swine?

A

114 days (3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days)

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8
Q

When does puberty occur?

A

At 6-7 months of age and/or at weight of 220-240 pounds

Boars attain puberty sooner

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9
Q

How long does standing heat last?

A

40-70 hours

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10
Q

How is breeding initiated?

A

Sow seeks out male
Displays erect ears and stands perfectly still while mounted
Erection occurs after mounting
Boar has a corkscrew penis which

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11
Q

How long does mating last?

A

5-8 minutes

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12
Q

What is the volume of ejaculate?

A

Large (150-200 mls)

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13
Q

What is maternal recognition in the gilt or sow?

A

The conceptus produces estradiol which is the signal for maternal recognition of pregnancy
Estradiol causes the PGF2α to be rerouted into the uterine lumen rather than toward the ovary
Intraluminal PGF does not cause luteolysis

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14
Q

True or False: essentially all eggs are fertilized in swine.

A

True

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15
Q

When do the embryos enter the uterus?

A

48 hours after ovulation

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16
Q

When did fetuses hatch their zona?

A

Day 6

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17
Q

When do the fetus distribute evenly through the uterine horns?

A

Days 9-11

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18
Q

When does implantation begin in pregnancy?

A

Day 13

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19
Q

When does MRP occur?

A

Day 14

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20
Q

What must be present for pregnancy to be maintained?

A

There must be at least 4-5 viable embryos on day 12

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21
Q

What percentage of EED of fertilized embryos occurs?

A

25-40%

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22
Q

When are most embryos lost?

A

Prior to MRP

Others are lost prior to day 40

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23
Q

When can pregnancy diagnosis be done?

A

Boar exposure 18-23 days post breeding
Rectal US 25-30 days post breeding
B-mode transabdominal US at 18-22 days

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24
Q

What is done for BSE of boars?

A

History
PE
Libido
Semen collection with gloved hand technique over dummy
Electroejaculation can be used, but requires anesthesia

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25
Q

What is the color of semen?

A

Opalescent-milky-yellow

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26
Q

How much is the gel free fraction of semen?

A

150-250 mos

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27
Q

What is the total amount of sperm?

A

Around 40 billion

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28
Q

What percent of semen is progressively motile sperm?

A

70-90%

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29
Q

What percent of sperm is morphologically normal?

A

> 70%

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30
Q

How can you induce puberty?

A

Expose gilts older than 150 days to a mature boar twice daily for 30 minutes (Whitten effect)

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31
Q

What is inducing puberty very effective at?

A

Inducing cyclicity

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32
Q

True or false: vasectomized boars are not useful when trying to induce puberty

A

False, vasectomized boars can be used

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33
Q

What drug can be given to induce puberty?

A

Injection of PG600

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34
Q

What are the economic benefits to estrus synchronization?

A

Farm labor better managed
Estrus detection can be intesnified
Synchronized farrowings allow for higher survival
Manage gilts, sows, and piglets in groups

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35
Q

Explain the group weaning technique for estrus synchronization

A

Group weaning at 21 days postpartum
80% will show estrus in 4-8 days
Easy and cost effective

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36
Q

Explain the progestagens technique for estrus synchronization

A

Artifical CL
Suppress estrus and cause synchrony upon removal
Good results with altrenogest PO x 14 days with estrus 5-7 days after last feeding
Swine product is called Matrix. With this feeding, you can start at any point in the cycle and they will still come into estrus 5-7 days after you stop feeding it.

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37
Q

Explain the prostaglandins technique for estrus synchronization

A

They are not typically used because the CL is refractory to PGF until day 12-14
Used to treat a group of pregnant animals causing abortion followed by synchronized fertile estrus

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38
Q

When are sows bred?

A

After estrus is first detected and 24 hours later

39
Q

When are gilts bred?

A

After estrus is first detected and 12 hours later

40
Q

When should pigs be weaned?

A

At 3-4 weeks after birth

41
Q

When does estrus occur?

A

3-7 days following weaning

42
Q

How often is a litter wanted?

A

Every 5 months

43
Q

How frequently is the boar collected for AI?

A

Twice weekly over a phantom

44
Q

Which fraction of semen is collected for AI?

A

Sperm rich fraction

45
Q

What is the semen diluted with?

A

Extender: Androhep or SafeCell can be used to store boar semen for up to 10 days

46
Q

What is the AI dose?

A

60-100 mls containing 2-3 billion sperm or 1 billion sperm per day of storage

47
Q

What increases pregnancy rates and litter size with AI?

A

Double insemination

48
Q

True or false: AI with fresh semen can be as good as natural service

A

True

49
Q

How much lower are pregnancy rates for gilts compared to sows?

A

10-15%

50
Q

Explain the process of farrowing including time intervals

A

Swelling of vuvlar lips beginning 4 days prepartum
Restlessness/nesting behavior starts 24 hours prior to farrowing
Duration averages 3 hours but can be 30 min to 10 hours in length
Interpiglet interval is 15-20 minutes
Fetal membrane expulsion averages 4 hours by can take up to 12.5 hours

51
Q

What are the advantages to induced farrowing?

A

Labor issues
Survivability, used to reduce re-weaning mortatlity
More attention to piglets, reducing stillborns
Wean more piglets, so more money for the produce due to increased survivability

52
Q

How can you induce farrowing?

A

On day 112 of gestation, give an injection of prostaglandin at 10-11 AM
Sows begin farrowing 20-30 hours after injection
75% should respond by the next day
Oxytocin can be used to “jump start” non-responders

53
Q

Why should the piglets be removed during farrowing?

A

Prevents crushing, cannibalism, and colostrum deprivation

54
Q

What are causes of dystocia?

A

Uterine inertia
Small pelvic size
Inadequate dilation of birth canal

55
Q

What are signs of dystocia?

A

Straining followed by 4 hours without producing a piglet

Interval between piglets >1 hour

56
Q

What are the options for c-section?

A

Immediate slaughter, surgery is a last resort
General anesthesia
Sedation followed by epidural/local bloc and restraint

57
Q

Where is the incision made for c-section?

A

Dorsal and parallel to mammary chain. It originates just in front of and below the prefemoral fold

58
Q

What is a common cause of irregular cyclicity and anestrus?

A

Cystic ovarian disease

59
Q

What is the treatment for cystic ovarian disease?

A

Cull

60
Q

What is zearalenone?

A

Mycotoxin found on corn and barley

61
Q

What are the estrogenic effects of zearalenone?

A

Vaginal prolapse
Vaginitis
Abnormal cyclicity
Infertility

62
Q

What is the diagnosis of zearalenone based on?

A

Signs and feed analysis

63
Q

What causes brucellosis in swine?

A

Brucella suis

64
Q

What are the typical signs of brucellosis in swine?

A 
Abortion
Stillborns and birth of weak piglets
Infertility with repeat breeding
Orchitis
Spondylytis with paresis
65
Q

How is brucellosis diagnosed in swine?

A

Card test followed by culture and serology

66
Q

What is the treatment for brucellosis in swine?

A

No treatment

Reportable disease followed by cull and slaughter

67
Q

True or False: brucellosis in swine is a true zoonoses.

A

True

68
Q

How can brucellosis in swine be controlled?

A

Depopulation
Test young prior to breeding and farrowing
Surveillance

69
Q

True or False: brucellosis is not found in wild hogs.

A

False, it is found in some

70
Q

What is the SMEDI complex?

A

Stillborns
Mummies
Embryonic Death
Infertility

71
Q

What are causes of the SMEDI complex?

A 
Porcine parvovirus (PPV)
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRS)
Porcine enterovirus (PEV)
Pseudorabies (PRV)
72
Q

What is porcine parvovirus seen in?

A

Gilts and young sows

73
Q

What does porcine parvovirus cause?

A

Embryonic and fetal death
Mummification
Abortion is rare
Small litters with mummies

74
Q

What can be used to prevent porcine parvovirus?

A

Vaccination and “controlled infection”

75
Q

True or False: once an animal aquires a natural infection of porcine parvovirus, it is possible that they will get it again.

A

False. Natural infection leads to lifelong immunity

76
Q

What are the symptoms of PEV?

A

The same as PPV

77
Q

True or False: there is no vaccine available for PEV

A

True

78
Q

What is the diagnosis of PEV done by?

A

Fluorescent antibody test on fetus

79
Q

How is PEV prevented?

A

Controlled infection

80
Q

What does PRRS cause?

A

Late term abortions
Premature births and stillbirths
Neonatal death
Respiratory signs in inweaned piglets

81
Q

How is PRRS prevented?

A

Vaccination and controlled infection

82
Q

What can PRV cause in young pigs?

A 
Nervous signs
Diarrhea
Vomiting
Respiratory distress
Rapid death
83
Q

Does PRV cause SMEDI in young pigs or adults?

A

Only adults

84
Q

What more commonly occurs with PRV?

A

Late abortions and weak piglets

Mummies are not as common

85
Q

How do you diagnose PRV?

A

Virus isolation, Fluorescent antibody test, and histopath of fetus

86
Q

What are the signs of leptospirosis?

A

Usually asymptomatic in adults except for stillbirths, weak pigs, and late abortions

87
Q

What is lepto shed in?

A

Persistently shed in the urine of infected animals

88
Q

What are the fetuses like with lepto?

A

Edematous and icteric fetuses

89
Q

How do you diagnose lepto?

A

MAT, darkfield microscopy

90
Q

How do you prevent lepto?

A

Frequent vaccines, rodent control, water removal

91
Q

How do you control an outbreak of lepto?

A

Antibiotics (streptomycin)

92
Q

What does CO poisoning cause?

A

Abortion/still born in late term sows

Dark coloration of mucous membranes in sows

93
Q

How do you diagnose CO poisoning?

A

History and value of CO >200ppm

94
Q

How can you prevent CO posioning?

A

Improve ventilation

Remove/repair faulty heater

Theriogenology (10 decks)

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