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Physiology COPY > Capillary Permeability > Flashcards

Capillary Permeability Flashcards

1
Q

What 4 factors affect rate of diffusion?

A

1-Temperature
2-Concentration gradient
3-Size of solute
4-Viscosity of solution

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2
Q

Which system is considered the distribution vessels?

A

Arterial

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3
Q

Which system is considered the collection vessels?

A

Venous

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4
Q

What are considered the exchange vessels?

A

Capillaries

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5
Q

What is crystalline osmotic pressure?

A

Small solutes affecting pressure. More solute molecules=higher pressure

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6
Q

What is oncotic pressure?

A

Insoluble proteins (notably albumin) in vessels that draw water into the vessel. Essentially osmotic pressure

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7
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure?

A

Force per unit area exerted on the wall of the a blood vessel by the blood

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8
Q

What is starlings law used for?

A

Calculate net filtration pressure (forces pushing out - forces pushing in)

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9
Q

Which forces pull fluid in?

A

Osmotic/oncotic pressure of capillary

Hydrostatic pressure from interstitial fluid

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10
Q

Which forces push fluid out?

A

Hydrostatic forces from capillary

Osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid

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11
Q

What happens to blood velocity and pressure as cross sectional area increases approaching capillaries?

A

Velocity and pressure go down

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12
Q

What do precapillary sphincters do when open?

A

Allow blood to flow through true capillaries

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13
Q

What do precapillary sphincters do when closed?

A

Channel blood through metarteriole and throuroughfare channel to bypass true capillaries

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14
Q

How much fluid is filtered out of the arteriolar side of capillary beds?

A

20 liters

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15
Q

How much fluid is reabsorbed on the venue side of capillary beds?

A

17 liters

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16
Q

How much fluid is the lymphatic system left to remove?

A

3 liters

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17
Q

What is transported by vesicular transport?

A

Macromolecules across the membrane

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18
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

Cell drinking

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19
Q

What are the 4 potential causes of edema?

A

1-Increased capillary pressure
2-Decreased plasma colloid osmotic pressure
3-Increased capillary permeability
4-Obstruction of lymphatics

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20
Q

What are the 3 basic mechanisms of exchange between capillaries and interstitial space?

A

1-Diffusion
2-Bulk flow (ultrafiltration/protein-free fluid flow)
3-Vesicular transport

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21
Q

Only 5% of circulating blood is in the capillaries, but why is this 5% the most important part of the blood volume?

A

It is the only pool from which the O2 and nutrients can enter the interstitial fluid while CO2 and waste products can enter the blood stream.

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22
Q

What is the capillary wall made up of?

A

single layer of endothelial cells to promote efficient exchange

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23
Q

Why does your skin take on a flushed red appearance after exercise or when you wash your hands in water?

A

Capillaries are involved in the body’s release of excess heat. To release excess heat, the blood delivers the heart to the capillaries which then rapidly release it to the tissue

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24
Q

What is capillary exchange?

A

when all nutrients, gases, metabolites and water are continuously exchanged between the blood and cells

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25
Q

why are capillaries efficient sites for gas exchange and nutrient exchange?

A
  1. blood velocity is low, giving enough time to allow exchange across membrane
  2. capillaries have large S.A.
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26
Q

What is diffusion?

A

movement of nutrients, O2, CO2, and lipid soluble substances through the semipermeable capillary wall; movement of lipid soluble molecules

27
Q

What is critical point?

A

Plasma proteins generally cannot cross the capillary wall.

28
Q

What is bulk flow?

A

movement of protein free extracellular fluid (blood plasma and interstitial fluid) and water-soluble substances (i.e., ions, glucose, amino acids) in & out through water-filled pores or intercellular clefts

29
Q

What is vesicular transport?

A

translocation of larger, exchangeable MACROMOLECULES ( i.e., insulin, IgA) across capillary endothelium via vesicular trancytosis (pinocytosis, calveolae, etc.)

30
Q

What is diffusion driven by?

A

Osmotic gradients; doesn’t require energy!

31
Q

How do lipid solubles pass through the capillaries?

A

can diffuse pass endothelial cells

32
Q

How do small water-soluble substances pass through the capillaries?

A

pass through the pores of endothelial cell

33
Q

How do exchangeable proteins pass through the capillaries?

A

are moved across by vesicular transport

34
Q

How do plasma membranes pass through the capillary wall?

A

cannot cross the capillary wall

35
Q

During bulk flow of fluid, what are the two net pressures that operate at capillary beds?

A

hydrostatic pressure

oncotic pressure

36
Q

The fluid that remains in the interstitial space (~3L/day) become part of what compartment?

A

interstitial fluid

37
Q

Fill in the blank. Lymphatic vessels form a _____ system in which lymph only flows back toward the heart.

A

one way system

38
Q

What are the three starling forces?

A

crystalline osmotic pressure
oncotic pressure
hydrostatic pressure

39
Q

How is the average capillary hydrostatic pressure determined?

A

the arteriolar and venous BPs (PA & PV) and by the ratio of venous-to-arteriolar resistance (RV/RA)

40
Q

What is the typical pressure during Oncotic pressure?

A

25-30 mmHg

41
Q

What are the concentrations of water soluble substances at crystalline osmotic pressure? What does this mean?

A

all water-soluble substances concentrations are equivalent on either side of capillary wall so there is no effect on water flow

42
Q

What is Starling’s Law?

A

Fluid leaves (via filtration) or re-enters ( via reabsorbtion) the capillary depending on how the opposing pressures in the capillary and in the interstitial spaces relate to one another (hydrostatic and oncotic)

43
Q

What will happen to the fluids in the capillaries when hydrostatic pressure exceeds osmotic pressure?

A

fluid will leave the capillaries

44
Q

What will happen to the fluids in the capillaries when osmotic pressure exceeds hydrostatic pressure?

A

fluids will flow into the capillaries

45
Q

Fill in the blank. @ Arteriolar end, Hydrostatic pressure in interstitial fluid ______ fluid _____ capillary.

A

pushes; into

46
Q

Fill in the blank. @ Arteriolar end, Osmotic pressure in interstitial fluid ______ fluid ______ of capillary

A

pulls; out

47
Q

Fill in the blank. @ Arteriolar end, Hydrostatic pressure in capillary ______ fluid _____ capillary.

A

pushes; out

48
Q

Fill in the blank. @ Arteriolar end, Osmotic pressure in capillary ______ fluid _____ capillary.

A

pulls; in

49
Q

Where does the lymphatic vessels return the collection of excess interstitial fluid?

A

venous bloodstream

50
Q

At what end is the plasma fluid filtered ? How much is filtered per day?

A

filtered out at arteriolar end; 20 L/day

51
Q

At what end is the plasma fluid reabsorbed? How much is reabsorbed per day?

A

reabsorbed at the venous end; 17 L/day

52
Q

Fill in the blank. @ Venous end, Osmotic pressure in capillary ______ fluid _____ capillary.

A

pulls; into

53
Q

Fill in the blank. @ Venous end, Hydrostatic pressure in capillary ______ fluid _____ capillary.

A

pushes; out

54
Q

Fill in the blank. @ Venous end, Hydrostatic pressure in interstitial fluid ______ fluid _____ capillary.

A

pushes; into

55
Q

Fill in the blank. @ Venous end, osmotic pressure in interstitial fluid ______ fluid _____ capillary.

A

pulls; out

56
Q

What is the equation for blood velocity?

A

Flow rate= mean velocity x Cross-sectional area of vessels

57
Q

What is the blood pressure range for capillaries?

A

20-40 mmHg

58
Q

Where is the largest pressure drop?

A

arterioles

59
Q

What are the three that regulate capillary microcirculation?

A

capillary beds
vascular shunts
precapillary sphincter

60
Q

What is capillary bed?

A

branch off the metarteriole and return to the thoroughfare channel at the distal end of the bed; sites of optimal exchange

61
Q

what is vascular shunts?

A

metarteriole-thoroughfare channel connecting an arteriole directly with a postcapillary venule (bypassing true capillary bed)

62
Q

what is precapillary sphincter?

A

Cuff of smooth muscle that surrounds each true capillary and regulates blood flow into the capillary in response to vasomotor nerves (sympathetic) and local chemical conditions, so it can either bypass or flood the capillary bed

63
Q

What is pinocytosis? when is it used?

A

Pinocytic vesicles formed at one surface of the cell may, after being detached, move through the cell to the opposite surface and there discharge their contents;
vesicular transport

64
Q

What is vasomotion?

A

the slow, intermittent flow of blood through the capillaries, reflects the action of the precapillary sphincters in response to local autoregulatory controls and sympathetic tone

Physiology COPY (16 decks)

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