CARB ENERGY

Question 1

energy

Answer 1

dynamic state i.e. mech work, chem, electrical

ability to produce energy determines exercise capacity

Question 2

metabolism

Answer 2

sum of all chem rxns in body…breakdown and syntehsis

Question 3

caratbolism vs anabolism

Answer 3

catabolism: molecule breakdown
anabolism: molecule synthesis

Question 4

bioenergenics

Answer 4

converting food into usable energy

Question 5

ATP

Answer 5

adenine and ribose
- adenosine triphosphate

lots of energy held w/in bonds

supplied by anabolic metabolism

Question 6

why don’t we store much ATP

Answer 6

normal ATP storage is 80-100g when we produce 25kg/day

cannot sustainably gain/lose the weight

limited stores bcs extremely heavy

Question 7

enzymes

Answer 7

protein molecules that catalyze rxns

SPEED up not cause

in metabolism, regulate the catabolism/breakdown of compounds to produce energy

Question 8

oxidation vs reduction

Answer 8

oxidation: lose electron, more positive
reduction: gain electron

Question 9

factors that effect enzyme effectiveness

Answer 9

1. cofactor: inorganic non-protein component i.e. Mg
   - called coenzyme if organic ie. NAD
2. substrate concentration: amt and available…can become saturated
3. modulator: stim or inhibits i.e. hormones
4. temperature: falls apart when too high away from ideal
5. ph: lose function away from optimal…acidity more impact
6. enzyme concentration: more enzyme = faster

Question 10

types of enzyme competition

Answer 10

competitive: molecules compete for binding sites
- prevent desired rxn from happening

non-competitive: molecule binds to non-binding site and causes conformational change

feedback inhibition: the products of the rxn inhibit production
- says to slow down

enzyme activity: how likely enzyme is to catalyze rxn

Question 11

oxidase

Answer 11

catalyzes oxidation-reduction rxns involving o2

Question 12

kinase

Answer 12

transfers phosphate group

phosphorylation

Question 13

phosphorylase

Answer 13

adds Pi

Question 14

dehydrogenase

Answer 14

removes H

Question 15

phosphatase

Answer 15

removes phosphate group

Question 16

2 factors impacting energy production

Answer 16

1. total energy demand
2. rate of demand

these factors are coupled

Question 17

PCr

Answer 17

aka phosphagen system
- does NOT require o2
- only lasts seconds, strong but brief bursts
- initiation of exercise and workload transition

PCr + ADP –> ATP + Cr

immediately produces 1 ATP/unit of substrate
- limited process to amount of PCr
- low production capacity

Question 18

how is ATP made in emergency

Answer 18

i.e. ADP + AMP
- when run out of PCr and need FAST

adenylate kinase: catalyzes conversion of various adenosine phosphates

Question 19

glycogen vs glucose

Answer 19

glucose: single monomer
glycogen: polymer of glucose (many molecules) to store carvs

Question 20

glycogenesis vs gluconeogenesis

Answer 20

glycogenesis: glycogen to glucose
- so glycolysis may occur, bcs we do NOT store much glucose

gluconeogenesis: formation of glucose from non-carb sources i.e. fat, protein
- occurs during exercise in liver

Question 21

glycolysis

Answer 21

produces pyruvate
- fate of pyruvate determined by o2 availability…becomes lactate when anaerobic, becomes acetyl coa w o2

glycolysis = anaerobic state

Question 22

energy investment phase of glycolysis

Answer 22

glucose –> G6P by adding Pi
- break down an ATP to add Pi
- via hexokinase

molecule is rearranged, then 2nd ATP used to change into fructose 1,6 biphosphate
- via phosphofructokinase/PFK
- then splits into 2 G3P (end product)

Question 23

blood glucose vs musc glycogen energy investment

Answer 23

blood glucose –> G6P via hexokinase

musc glycogen does NOT need ATP
- glycogen phosphorylase cleaves glucose from glycogen and adds Pi
- a mutase changes it to G6P

Question 24

how much ATP used in energy investment phase

Answer 24

1 or 2

1 for glycogen
2 for blood glucose

Question 25

energy generation phase glycolysis

Answer 25

occurs TWICE, one per G3P G3P is oxidized then phosphorylated - produces NAD --> NADH (2 total) - prods 2 ATP (4 total) - prods 2 pyruvate NADH goes to ETC some H produced, which goes to aerobic energy system or to create lactic acid

Question 26

glycolysis energy tally

Answer 26

blood glucose: - 4 ATP - 2 ATP invested - net 2 ATP glycogen - 4 ATP - 1 ATP invested - net 3 ATP

Question 27

lactic acid vs lactate

Answer 27

lactate is the salt of lactic acid dissociation causes H and lactate

Question 28

lactate uses and at rest

Answer 28

at rest, some lactate produced even w adequate o2 law of mass action: if available, will be used - LDH -> lactic acid lactate generation allows the REGENERATION OF NAD from NADH - allows NAD to be used at G3P - without this, glycolysis couldn't move past G3P...no ATP production

Question 29

sources of carb during exercise

Answer 29

muscle glucose: primary source in high intensity, supplies most in the first hour blood glucose: primary source when low intensity, long duration

Question 30

the oxidative system

Answer 30

aka oxidative phosphorylation, aerobic metabolism most complex energy system because uses both carb and FAT

Question 31

where do TCA and ETC take place

Answer 31

both w/in mitochondria ETC w/in mitochondrial membrane TCA w/in inner membrane space

Question 32

how does pyruvate become acetyl coa

Answer 32

in presence of o2, pyruvate dehydrogenase turns pyruvate to acetyl coa - causes to lose a carbon acetyl coa: major substrate in oxidative metabolism

Question 33

TCA cycle

Answer 33

aka tricarboxylic acid cycle, aka krebs - complete oxidation of food stuff/H removal - H maintains potential energy acetyl coa --> co2 and H acetyl coa combines w oxaloacetate to make citrate, starting the cycle - cycle bcs start w citrate, ends w oxaloacetate - comb w acetyl coa to start again citrate synthase: increases w aerobic metabolism

Question 34

important krebs steps/draw TCA

Answer 34

1. citrate --> isocitrate 2. isocitrate --> a-ketoglutarate - removes co2 and makes NADH 3. a-keto to succinyl coa - makes NADH and CO2 4. one direct ATP made from succinyl coa to succinate - via GDP + Pi --> GTP - makes ADP --> ATP 5. succinate --> fumarate - makes FADH2 6. malate to oxaloacetate - makes NADH

Question 35

krebs cycle tally

Answer 35

ONE acetyl coa makes: - net 3 NADH - net 1 FADH2 - net 1 direct ATP = (3 x 2.5) + (1 x 1.5) + 1 = 10 ATP per acetyl coa = 20 ATP total

Question 36

why do NADH and FADH2 produce different energy

Answer 36

energy is also used to transport ATP out of the mitochondria

Question 37

ETC

Answer 37

electron transport chain - uses potential energy of H carriers NADH and FADH2 to rephosphorylate ADP to ATP - electrochem grad gives energy for ATP phosphorylation cytochromes: e- carriers...e- removed then passed thru cytochromes - like magnets, o2 pulls e- thru - order of protons is important, get stronger as go ETC is same as oxidative phosphorylation - krebs is NOT oxidative p

Question 38

chemiosmosis

Answer 38

mechanism explaining aerobic formation of ATP movement of H ions across inner mito memb - causes H gradient across memb energy released forms ATP, and H ions diffuse back in accumulation of H creates potential energy

Question 39

cytochrome oxidase

Answer 39

the complex that turns o2 and h to h2o ETS is series of oxidation-reduction rxns - electrochemical grad made when H is pumped from inner memb to intermembrane space when 2 H return, cytochrome oxidase transfers them to 1/2 o2 molecule and makes water

Question 40

total ATP from all carb systems

Answer 40

glycolysis - 2/3 direct ATP - 5 ATP from 2 NADH PDH rxn (pyruvate to acetyl coa) - 5 ATP from 2 NADH Krebs/ETC - 2 direct ATP - 18 from 6 NADH and 2 FADH2 total = 32-33 ATP