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respiratory system Flashcards

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1
Q

respiratory zone

A

300 mil alveoli, HUGE SA

rapid exchange b/w alveoli are 1 layer thick

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2
Q

respiratory membrane

A

thin memb enhances exchange

SA for excahnge
alveoli close to blood

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3
Q

mechanics of breathing

A

active process of musc contraction

airflow bcs of pressure gradients

inspiratiory muscles act as pump
- lungs expand
- pleural fluid

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4
Q

active vs passive respiration

A

active resp: during exercise
- abdominal muscles engaged

inspiration: in/external intercostals, diaphragm

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5
Q

boyle’s law

A

as volume dec, pressure inc

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6
Q

what does airway resistance depend on

A
  1. pressure difference
  2. resistance of airwats

airflow: p1-p2/resistamce

airway resistance depends on DIAMTER

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7
Q

Vt

A

tidal volume

amount of air moved/breath

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8
Q

f

A

breath frequency

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9
Q

V

A

amount of air moved by the lungs/min

Vt x f

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10
Q

Va

A

alveolar ventilation

volume of air that reaches respiratory zone

VA = (VT - VD) x f

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11
Q

Vd

A

dead space ventilation

volume of air remaining in conducting aiways

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12
Q

how can V be calculated

A

V = VA + VD

V = VT x f

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13
Q

VE

A

minute ventilation

air flow/each…how much air breathed and breaths/min

VE = Vt x f

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14
Q

lung volumes

A

4 volumes and 4 capacities to diagnose issues

resting tidal volume/VT: vol of normal breath, 500ml

ERV: max are expirated at end of normal expiration, 1000ml

IRV: max air inspired at end of normal inspiration, 3300ml

RV: air left in lungs after max exhalation, 1200ml

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15
Q

FVC

A

max volume stroke of lungs

force air out of lungs

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16
Q

what does dynamic ventilation depend on

A
  1. FVC
  2. speed of moving a volume of air/breathing rate
    - determined by lung compliance/resistance of respiratory passages
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17
Q

FEV1

A

forced expiratory volume, measured over 1 second
- when divide by FVC, indicates pulmonary airflow capacity

85% = healthy
70% or lower unhealthy

FEV1/FVC x 100%

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18
Q

sex differences

A

women have dec lung size, airway diameter, static/dynamic lung function

leads to expiratory flow limitations
- inc musc work
- inc resp reserve during max exercise
- dec lung vol, inc expiratory flow in trained women

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19
Q

air composition

A

0.03% co2
79% n2
21% o2

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20
Q

dalton’s law of partial pressure

A

each gas contributes to total pressure proportionately to its number of molecules

partial pressure = total pressure x gas fraction

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21
Q

henry’s law of gas exchange

A

when gas mixes w liquid, each gas will dissolve w proportion to its partial pressure gradient and solubility coefficient

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22
Q

partial pressure in alveoli

Study These Flashcards
A

tracheal air becomes saturated w water vapur as passes down conductive zone

water molecules disperse gas molecules
- inc total volume of air, bcs add water and gas
- dec gas pressure for given vol of air

23
Q

factors affecting gas exchange

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. partial pressure gradient across barrier
  2. diffusion capacity: solubility of gas
  3. characteristics of barrier: SA and thickness

CO2 more soluble than O2

24
Q

ventilation-perfusion ratio

Study These Flashcards
A

ratio of alveolar ventilation : pulmonary air flow
- 1 is idea, matches rate

4.2 L air ventilates alveoli/min of rest
5 L of blood flow in capillaries

avg V:P is 0.84…..VA or 0.84L matches 1L of blood flow

high value = too much VE
low value = too much BF

this ratio DECREASES W INTENSE EXERCISE

25
o2 transport in blood
99% o2 bound to hemoglobin - amount transported depends on hemo concentration normal hemo concrentration is 15% - each hemo transports 1.34ml o2 hemoglobin conc shown in g/100ml
26
where else is o2 dissolved
small amount o2 dissolved in plasma 3ml/L
27
things that impact o2 transport
1. pH: inc H will weaken o2 and hemo bond, leads to unloading - right shift via Bohr effect - more o2 delivery 2. temperature: inc temp leads to unloading - right shift 3. 2,3 DPG: present in RBCs, is anaerobic energy - 2,3 DPG binds to hemo, reduce hemo o2 affinity - left shift, dec o2 transport - only during exercise at altitude or low hgb
28
myoglobin
facilitates o2 transfer to mitochondria - cellular PO2 dec rapidly but myoglobin RETAINS high o2 saturation higher affinity to o2, bcs has iron greatest amount of o2 releases from myoglobin when tissue PO2 drops below 5mmhg binds to o2 at low PO2 acidity, co2, temperature do NOT affect myoglobin's o2 affinity
29
a-v o2 difference cont
difference b/w o2 content of arterial blood and mixed venous blood - difference becomes GREATER W EXERCISE active musc has high capacity to use o2 o2 supply limits aerobic capcity, NOT musc o2 use
30
co2 transport in blood
70% converted to bicarbonate to move thru blood co2 + h2o --> h2co3 --> H + HCO3 (bicarbonate) - via carbonic anhydrase 10% dissolved in plasma 20% bound to hemoglobin
31
co2 bicarbonate transport
at tissue: - H binds to hemoglobin - HCO3 diffuses out of RBC into plasma - chloride shift when Cl diffuses into RBC at lung: - o2 binds to hemoglobin, drives off H - rxn reverses and releases co2
32
acid-base balance
pulmonary ventilation removes H from blood by HCO3 rxn inc VE results in co2 exhalation - dec PCO2 and H conc - ph inc/basic dec VE results in buildup of co2 - inc pco2 and h conc, more acidic
33
rest-to-work transitions
when constant load, submaximal exercise: - VE inc rapidly initially, then slow to steady state PO2 and PCO2 relatively unchanged increase in alveolar ventilation is slower than inc in metabolism
34
ventilatory equivalent
ratio of gas expired/min to volume o2 consumption/min VE/VCO2 has linear relationship during light/mod exercise - up to 55% vo2 max remains constant during steady state exercise prolonged exercise in heat will inc VE, but not inc CO2 - inc blood temp will affect respiratory control centre
35
non-steady state exercise
VE inc proportionately to VO2 as intensity inc, VE disproportionately increases compared to VO2 - VE/VO2 can reach 40L
36
incremental exercise
in untrained ppl: - linear inc, initial 50-75% vo2max - after this, exponential rate (ventilatory threshold) in elites: - VT occurs at higher percentage of vo2max - PO2 dec to 30-40mmHg, hypoexmia - bcs ventilation/perfusion mismatch, short RBC transit time and high CO
37
ventilatory threshold
inflection pt where VE inc exponentially bcs co2 release from lactic acid elite athletes will reach VT later
38
where does VE inc the most in breathing
tidal volume
39
control of ventilation at rest
inspiration is active, expiration is passive resp muscles controlled by somatic motor neurons in spinal cord activity of motor neurons controlled by respiratory control centre in medulla oblongata
40
respiratory control centre
in brain stem: - medulla oblongata, connected to SC and brainstem - pons
41
3 distinct rhythm centres of RCC
1. prebotz: inspiration - interacts w other centres at rest of reg breathing 2. RTN/PFRG: expiration 3. pontine resp centre: rate and pattern all act as pacemaker of breathing rate normal rhythm bcs of interactions b/w clusters
42
where does RCC get info from
from higher brain centres/neural input and periphery/humoral input
43
humoral input
input from periphery chemoreceptors: specialized neurons detect changes in environ/blood central chemoreceptors: in medulla, detect pco2, h concentration, CSF peripheral chemoreceptors: aortic arch and common carotid artery...detect PO2, PCO2, H, K in blood
44
neural input
from higher brain centres and afferent pathways motor cortex alters breathing in proportion to exercise afferent input from muscle spindles, GTOs, joint pressure receptors important in reg breathing during submax and steady state
45
what is greatest respiratory stimuli during rest
PCO2 in arterial blood - small inc in PCO2 in inspired air causes large inc in VE stimulates both central and peripheral chemoreceptors ph affects VE: - acidosis reflects CO2 retetnion - breathing inc to remove co2
46
plasma o2 and VE
changes in PO2 have small effect on VE environ changes that dec o2 will stim PERIPHERAL CHEMORECEPTORS ONLY - carotid bodies - monitor arterial blood as moves to brain, protect against dec PO2 stim ventilation during exercise to: - inc temp - inc acidity
47
types of peripheral chemoreceptors
aortic body: detects inc PCO2 and ph carotid body: detects inc PCO2, dec PO2, and ph will inc VE
48
cortical influence
anticipation of exercise stimulates respiratory neurons in medulla rapid inc in VE
49
peripheral influence
sensory input from joints, tendons, muscles influences ventilatory adjustments to exercise
50
ventilatory control during submax vs heavy exercise
submax exercise: - primary drive is higher brain centres/central command - fine tuned by humoral and neural input heavy exercise: - linear inc in VE - bcs inc H in blood stims carotid bodies
51
integrated regulation of ventilation during exercise
simultaneous effects of many chem and neural stimuli phase 1: start exercise, neurogenic stim from cerebral cortex and feedback from active musc stims medulla to ABRUPTLY inc VE - neural phase 2: after short plateau, VE rises exponentially to achieve steady lvl - humoral phase 3: fine tuning of steady state ventilation thru peripheral feedback recovery: gradual dec of short term potentiation of resp centre
52
training effects on respiratory muscles
no effect on lung structure or function at rest normal lung is capable of meeting gas exchange demand - don't need adaptation for homeostasis elite endurance athletes experience hypoexmia - bcs lungs fail to adapt to training - FATIGUE at greater than 90% vo2max
53
maximum voluntary ventilation
rapid and deep breathing for 15s, extrapolate to 1 min - eval ventilatory capacity exercise doesn't maximally stress healthy person trained resp muscles: - inc endurance - inc max voluntary vent - inc inspiratory musc function

KP322 (9 decks)

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