carb oral topics

Question 1

lactate in meat production

Answer 1

endproduct of anaerobe glycolysis

• short starvation: lots of glycogen and lactate in muscle
• stress: few glycogen and lactate in muscle (incr. pH, dark meat)

Question 2

cori cycle

Answer 2

cycle of secretion and uptake of glucose in mammals

Question 3

complex 1 of resp chain

Answer 3

NADH dehydrogenase
generate 4 protons to intermembrane space
transport 2 to complex Q

Question 4

complex 2 of resp chain

Answer 4

succinate dehydrogenase (TCA)
no protons are pumped out

Question 5

complex 3 of resp chain

Answer 5

cytochrome c oxidoreductase

• subunits: cytochrome C1, bL, bH, Fe-s, Co-Q
• has co-enzyme Q binding spot, binds for 2H⁺ transfer via Fe-s

Question 6

complex 4 of resp chain

Answer 6

cytochrome c oxidase

• subunits: cytochrome a, a3, and +2Cu
• generate water molecule

Question 7

complex 5 of resp chain

Answer 7

aka ATP synthetase, uses proton motive force of translocated protons to form ATP in the matrix

Question 8

H⁺ affect the complexes how

Answer 8

reduces them

Question 9

adrenalin: effect, production and affected pathways

Answer 9

hyperglycemia
andrenal medulla
muscle: incr. glycogen degredation from several starting prods (incr. GGL, decr. GG)

Question 10

glucagon: effect, production and affected pathways

Answer 10

hyperglycemia
Pancreas A cells
liver: incr. glucose prod and decr. its degradation (incr. GGL, GNG, decr. GL, GG)

Question 11

insulin: effect, production and affected pathways

Answer 11

hypoglycemia
Pancreas B cells
incr. glucose uptake, decr. fat+protein degradation (incr.GG, GL, decr. GGL, GNG)

Question 12

glucocorticoids: effect, production and affected pathways

Answer 12

hyperglycemia
adrenal cortex
increased glucose production (no glucagon degr.) (incr. GNG, decr. GL)

Question 13

ACTH: effect, production and affected pathways

Answer 13

hyperglycemia
adenohypophysis
incr. glucocorticoids

Question 14

STH: effect, production and affected pathways

somatotropin aka GH

Answer 14

hyperglycemia
adenohypophysis
lipolysis for glucose prod, decr. GNG from aa

Question 15

blood sugar levels, regulation

Answer 15

= transport form of carbs,
using glucagon (working in liver) to incr. BS
using insulin (working in fat tissue) to decr. BS
–> restore normal BS levels

Question 16

BS levels of birds, ru and non-ru

Answer 16

birds: 8-9mmol/L
non-ru: 4-5mmol/L
ru: 2-3mmol/L

Question 17

diabetes

Answer 17

type 1: low insulin production, born with it

type 2: receptors are “worn out”, caused by diet (insulin independant)

Question 18

GLUT transporters

Answer 18

GLUT-1: RBC, brain
GLUT-2: Liver, kidney, intestines
GLUT-3: brain
GLUT-4: muscle and adipose tissue (insulin dependant)

Question 19

lactolysis

Answer 19

small intestines, lactase

endprod: galactose and glucose

Question 20

galactose degr. endprod used in

Answer 20

UDP-glucose:

• lactogenesis
• chondroitin synthas
• glycogenesis

Question 21

composition of milk

Answer 21

13% dry matter

4. 8% milk sugar/lactose
5. 5% milk fat
6. 3% milk protein

Question 22

where is milk fat from

Answer 22

(feed, microbial FA, de novo synth in adipose tissue and mammadry gland)

Question 23

milk protein

Answer 23

mammary gland origin
 -  2.6% - casein
 -  0.1% - alpha-lactalbumin
 -  0.3% - beta-lactalbumin
 systemic synth in liver -> blood plasma
 -  0.1% - milk serum albumin and immunoglobulins (colostrum!!)

Question 24

colostrum

Answer 24

First form of milk immediately following delivery
Most species will generate colostrum just prior to giving birth. Colostrum contains antibodies to protect the newborn against disease.

Question 25

how does the diet of a cow impact the lactose and fat % of the milk

Answer 25

Starch/grain rich: - GNG: increases milk sugar and decreases milk fat Fiber/cellulose rich diet: - more acetate, milk fat% increases

Question 26

fiber/cellulose rich diet "pathway"

Answer 26

intensive salvia prod(buffer pH 8.2-8.4) -> increased pH to ish6.8. increased pH stim the microbes to make acetate, which produces FA -> milk Fat decr. and incr. milk sugar (lactose)

Question 27

grain/stach rich diet "pathway"

Answer 27

less intensive salvia prod(buffer pH 8.2-8.4) -> decr pH to ish5.8 decr pH stim the microbes to make propionate, which is used in GNG for glucose prod -> milk fat increases

Question 28

casein

Answer 28

phophoprotein -> casein micelle - carry large amounts of highly insoluble CaP to mammalian young in liquid form and to form a clot in the stomach for more efficient nutrition.