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Biochemistry > protein oral topics > Flashcards

protein oral topics Flashcards

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1
Q

oxidative de-amination of D-aa

A

peroxisomes is an organelle that contain the aerobe D-amino acid oxidase, used as a defence system to generate hydrogen peroxide - antimicrobial

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2
Q

what happens to N-free carbon chain of AA (after de-amination)

A

ketogenic and/or glucogenic aa’s are made. these enter the TCA cycle at different places to be utilized

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3
Q

which are ketogenic amino acids

A

leucine

  • can be converted to acetylCoA
  • if no OAC is present, leu will enter ketogenesis (acetoacetate) instead
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4
Q

which are glucogenic amino acids

A

if the diet lacks carbs, aa’s are converted into pyruvate or OAC to be used in TCA, make glucose is goal

(ala, arg, asn, asp, cys, glu, gln, gly, his, met, pro, ser, thr, val)

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5
Q

gluco or ketogenic amino acids

A

can form partly acetylCoA, partly OAC

Phe, ile, trp, tyr, lys

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6
Q

schiff base

A

using the cofactor PALP to make a imine link (N=C) btw PALP and the aa and then transferring the imine bond to the aa using water, creating a alpha-ketoacid, and vice versa an amino acid

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7
Q

essential amino acids

A

THILLT MVP

P - phenylalanine, T - threonine, tryptophan

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8
Q

what are biogenic amines

A

decarboxylated amino acids
- synth in microbial, vegetable and animal metabolisms. In food and beverages they are formed by the enzymes of raw material or are generated by microbial decarboxylation of amino acids

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9
Q

histidine as biogenic amine

A

histamine

  • capillary dilator, allergic reactions (H1-rec)
  • secretion of gastric juice (H2-rec)
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10
Q

Lysine as biogenic amine

A

cadaverine

- produced by bacterium, responsible for foul smelling odor of dead flesh

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11
Q

ornithine as biogenic amine

A

putrescine

- produced by bacterium, responsible for foul smelling odor of dead flesh

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12
Q

Tryptophan as biogenic amine

A

tryptamine
- neurotransmitter; SM contraction
serotonine
- neurotransmitter; SM contraction

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13
Q

aspartate as biogenic amine

A

B-alanine

  • synthesis of pentochloric acid(?)
  • used in synth of coenzyme A
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14
Q

coenzyme A

A

synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids, and the oxidation of pyruvate in the citric acid cycle
- made from vit B5

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15
Q

glutamate as biogenic amine

A

GABA

- inhibitory neurotransmitter

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16
Q

serine as biogenic amine

A

ethanolamine=cholamine

- made of phosholipids used in biological membranes

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17
Q

cysteine as biogenic amine

A

cysteamine
- vasoconstrictor, SM constrictor
- used in synth of pantothenic acid (Vit B5)
cysteic acid -> taurine
- bile salt synthesis, essential for carbs

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18
Q

tyrosine as biogenic amine

A

tyramine
- neurotransmitter, smooth muscle contraction
DOPA
- dopamine -> neurotransmitter, hormone

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19
Q

carnosine and anserine effect

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A

antioxidants, buffering of lactate in muscle

20
Q

carnosine made of and found where

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A

B-ala and His

- muscle and brain of mammals

21
Q

anserine made of and found where

Study These Flashcards
A

B-ala and CH3-His

- muscle and brain of birds

22
Q

interspp: essential aa’s

Study These Flashcards
A

ru: all are synth in the rumen by microbes
birds: gly, arg
Fe: taurine (cys)

23
Q

glutathione effect

Study These Flashcards
A

in RBC removes harmful peroxides via glutathione peroxidase

24
Q

Gamma glutamoyl cycle

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A

transfer aa across membrane to GGcycle, where the aa becomes an acceptor for the glutamoyl moiety, the glutathione formed will be an antioxidant (reduced, -H)

PPP supply RBC with NADPH+H+ to maintain its reduced state.

25
what would happen W/O the GGcycle
incr. H2O2 -> MetHb
26
production of ammonia
1. oxidative deamination 2. degr. of biogenic amines 3. absorption from the GI tract (mainly ru)
27
detoxification of ammonia
1. urea cycle: liver 2. Glutamine synth from glu: liver 3. Asparagine synth from asp: liver 4. L-glu synth from alpha-ketoglutarate: liver 5. purine synth -> uric acid
28
PALP is used
as cofactor in transamination, deamination nd decarboxylation reactions
29
TPP cofactor is used in
cytosol for the activity of transketolase and in the mitochondria for the activity of pyruvate-, oxoglutarate- and branched chain keto acid dehydrogenases
30
biotin
as cofactor in carboxylation reactions (carboxylases)
31
urea cycle in ru
ruminohepatic system - bacterial metabolism play a key role - non-protein N - bacterium to make protein or ammonia
32
hemoglobin structure
4 heme, 4 pp chains = hemoglobin fetal: 2 alpha, 2 gamma adult: 2 alpha, 2 beta
33
hemoglobin role
- bind 4 oxygen used in resp chain of tissues
34
hemoglobin binding of oxygen
1. confirmational change: from tense to relaxed form, makes binding of 2nd ox easier
35
inhibiting the binding of oxygen and co2 how
200-300x higher affinity for CO than O2 -> hb can no longer carry O2 or CO2 methemoglobin: Fe³⁺ instead of Fe²⁺, ox binding not possible
36
the first 2 steps of hemoglobin synthesis: where, inhibitiation?
1st: mitochondrion 2nd: cytoplasm ALA dehydratase is inhibited by lead
37
where is iron stored after degr. of hb
phagocytes as Fe³⁺ | - speen, liver and bone marrow
38
icterus
high conc. of bilirubin 1/2 in the blood - prehepatis (hemolysis) - hepatic (liver disease) - post hepatic (gall stone)
39
myoglobin composition
1 heme and 1 polypeptide | - hyperbolic saturation curve as skeltal mm. needs oxygen quicker than other tissues
40
paralytic myoglobinuria
in horser esp.: genetic background - muscle cell, kidney damage - myoglobin in circulation -> urine -> black urine
41
cytochromes
found in respiratory chain as electron carrier, e.g. - P450: heme as cofactor; metabolize potentially toxic compounds, including drugs and products of endogenous metabolism such as bilirubin, principally in the liver.
42
catalase and peroxidase function
antioxidant controle prevents Fe²⁺ -> Fe³⁺ in hb making hemin, which is not able to carry O2 or CO2
43
what can iron be stored as
hemosiderin: not water soluble ferritin: water soluble
44
iron sources
Fe²⁺ Fe³⁺ from plants heme: Fe²⁺
45
what is needed to transport iron on the apical side of enterocytes
ascorbic acid - vit. C
46
hepicidin
inhibit ferroportin during inflammation, leading to an decr. in RBC
47
iron deficiency leads to, where is iron lost
hair loss, nail loss iron loss through - urine, sweat, milk, blood loss

Biochemistry (30 decks)

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