Carbohydrate Structure and Function

Question 1

Monosaccharides

Answer 1

basic structure of carbohydrates

3 C = triose
4 C = tetrose
5C = pentoses
6 C = hexoses

Question 2

Aldoses/Ketoses

Answer 2

carbohydrates with aldehydes and ketones respectively

Question 3

Glyceraldehyde

Answer 3

simple sugar aldose

Question 4

Numbering Carbons of Carbs

Answer 4

most oxidized carbon is labeled C-1

like orgo

Question 5

Glycosidic Linkages

Answer 5

aldehyde carbon participates in these where sugars act as substituents

Question 6

Dihydroxyacetone

Answer 6

simplest Ketose

carbonyl carbon is most oxidized

for msot ketones, the Ketone C is C-2

Question 7

D-Fructose

Answer 7

2 CH2OH terminals

OH position
left
right
right

6 Carbons

Question 8

D- Glucose

Answer 8

OH position

right
left
right
right

Question 9

D-Galactose

Answer 9

OH position

right
left
left
right

Question 10

D-Manose

Answer 10

OH position

left
left
right
right

Question 11

Sterioisomers

Answer 11

optical isomers

have same chemical formula but differ in spatial arrangement

Question 12

Enantiomers

Answer 12

non identical, non superimposable and non symmetry

mirror images (flip)

contain chiral carbons

same sugar different optical families

Question 13

D and L carbs are _____ of each other

Answer 13

mirror images

Question 14

Number of Stereoisomers With Common Backbone

Answer 14

=2^n

n = number of chiral carbons

Question 15

Dvs L

Answer 15

D is positive roation
L is negative rotation

all detemined experimentally

Question 16

All D-Sugars have the hydroxide of highest numbered chiral center on the _____ and all L sugars have the hydroxide on the ____. Every chiral center in D has the _____ of the L.

Answer 16

right

left

opposite

Question 17

Diastereomers

Answer 17

two sugars that are in same family (aldose or ketonse) that are not identical or mirror images

Question 18

Epimers

Answer 18

subtype of diasteriomers that differ only at one chiral center

Question 19

Because monosacharides contain both a nucelophilic hydroxyl and electrophilic carboxyl, they can form cyclic ____ and _____.

Only six membered ____ or five membered _____ rings can do it due to ring strain.

The carbonyl carbon becomes ____ and is refered as the ____ carbon.

Answer 19

hemiacetals

hemiketals

furanose

pyranose

chiral

anomeric

Question 20

Anomers

Answer 20

the anomeric carbon when acetal formation occurs can be either B or alpha

alpha - OH of C1 is trans and CH2OH is axial down

beta - OH of C1 is cis and CH2OH is equatorial up

Question 21

When converting monosaccharide from fisher to Haworth, anything on the _____ of the fisher will be facing down

Answer 21

right

Question 22

Exposing hemiacteal rings to water will cause them to spontaneously cycle between….this is known as _____ as it can change from alpha and beta anomer.

Happens more rapidly with presence of ____

Answer 22

closed and unclosed

mutarotation

acid

Question 23

In solution, the ______ configuration is less favored because the hydroxyl group of the anomeric carbon is axial causing strain

Answer 23

axial

Question 24

Monosaccharides contain _____ and ______ and do reactions like ____ and _____, ____ and )))))) .

Answer 24

alchols

aldehydes/ketones

oxidation and reduction

esteridication

nucelophilic attack

Question 25

Oxidized aldoes occur when hemiacetal rings spend time in _______ form and have the aldehyde oxidized to a _____. They are called ____ Becauses aldoses can be oxidized, they are regarded as _____

Answer 25

open chain aldehyde carboxylic acid aldonic acids reducing agents

Question 26

Any sugar with a hemiacetal ring is considered a _______

Answer 26

reducing sugar

Question 27

Lactone

Answer 27

alsose in ring form that is oidized a cyclic ester with a carbonyl group on the anomeric carbon

Question 28

Tollens Reagent

Answer 28

uses Ag(NH3)2+ as oxidizing agent to detet reducing sugars Ag+ goes to metallic sugar

Question 29

Benedicts Reagent

Answer 29

aldehyde of aldose is oxidized dictated by precipitate of Cu2O red

Question 30

Although Ketones cannot be oxidized to carboxylic acids, they can _____ to form ______ in basic conditions to test positive on Tollen and Benedict tests. They are therefore _______

Answer 30

tautemerize aldolases reducing sugars

Question 31

Tautomerization

Answer 31

rearrangement of bonds by moving hydrogen and forming a double bond for ketones, the group picks up a Hydrogen, carbons between adjacent carbons and an enol is formed

Question 32

Alditol

Answer 32

aldehyde of an aldose is reduced to an alcohol

Question 33

Deoxysugar

Answer 33

contains a H that replaces a hydroxyl group on the sugar D-2-deoxyribose in DNA

Question 34

Because carbohydrates have ______ they can react with carboxylic acids/derivatives to form _____ This can be seen in phosphrylation of glucose where a _______ is formed

Answer 34

hydroxyl groups esters phosphate ester thing glucose phosphoryltaion

Question 35

Heiacetls react with alcohols to form _____. The anomeric hydroxyl group is turned into an _______. THe c-o bonds are called ____ and the acetals are called ______. THis formation is a ____ reaction requiring _____.

Answer 35

acetals alkoxy glycosidic bonds glycosides dehydration hydrolysis

Question 36

Disaccharides and polysaccharides form as a result of _____ between monosacahrides

Answer 36

glycosidic bonds

Question 37

Complex Carbohydrates

Answer 37

carbohydrates with atleast two sugar molecules linked together

Question 38

Disacharides

Answer 38

monosacharides react with alcohols to form acetals, glycosidic bond occurs between hydroxyl groups of two monosaccharids

Question 39

2 Glucose Alpha 1-4 glcosidic Bond Molecule

Answer 39

Maltose

Question 40

2 Glucose B 1-4 Glycosidic Linkagee

Answer 40

Cellobiose

Question 41

Important Disacharides

Answer 41

Sucrose Lactose Maltose

Question 42

Homopolysaccharide

Answer 42

polysaccahride made up of only one type of monosacharide

Question 43

Heteropolysaccharide

Answer 43

polysaccharide made up of multilple types of monosacahrides

Question 44

Most important polysaccharides

Answer 44

cellulose starch glycogen

Question 45

Because glycosidic bonding can occur at multiple hydroxyl groups in a monosaccharide, polymer formation can be ______ or _____

Answer 45

linear branched

Question 46

Cellulose

Answer 46

main structure of plants homopolysaccharide B D glucose with B1-4 linkages and H bonds for support we cannot digest as we lack cellulase

Question 47

Starches

Answer 47

alpha D glucose monomers alpha 1-4 glycosidic linkages for amylose alpha 1-6 glycosidic bonds amylopectin

Question 48

B Amylase

Answer 48

cleaves amylose at the nonreducing end of the polymer to make maltose

Question 49

A AMylase

Answer 49

cleaves randomly around amylose to making maltose and glucose

Question 50

Glycogen

Answer 50

alpha 1-6 linkages every 10 similar to startch but for animals highly branched branching makes it more soluble and stored and allows for glycogen to be cleaved by glycogen phosphorylase

Question 51

Glycogen Phosphorylase

Answer 51

cleaves glycose from nonreducing end of glycogen branch and phosphorylates it to Glucose 1 P