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Biochemistry > Lipid Structure and Function > Flashcards

Lipid Structure and Function Flashcards

1
Q

Amphipatic Molecule

A

molecule with both hydrophobic and hydrophillic regions

ie. lipids

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2
Q

When placed in aqueous solutions, lipids form structures that all the ______ regions to group internally while the _______ regions interact with water.

A

hydrophobic

hydrophillic

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3
Q

Phospholipids

A

phosphate and a alcohol containing a polar head group and hydrophobic fatty acid tail connected via phosphodiester linkage

clasified according to backbone of the molecule

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4
Q

Glycerol

A

three carbon alcohol that forms:

phosphoglycerides
glycerophospholipids

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5
Q

NOT all sphingolipids are ________

A

phospholipids

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6
Q

______ and _____ determine how an overall molecule will behave.

A

Saturation and Length

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7
Q

Fully Saturated Fatty Acid

A

only single bonds, no pi bonds (double bonds)

have greater van der Waals Forces and stable overall structure meaning they are solids at room temp (think butter)

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8
Q

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

A

includes one or more double bonds which intrudce kinks making it hard to stack/solidify making them liquids at room temp (oils)

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9
Q

Phospholipids with _____ fatty acids are more fluid regions of the phospholipid bilayer.

A

unsaturated

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10
Q

Glycerophospholipids/Phosphoglycerides

A

phospholipids with a glycerol backbone bonded to two fatty acids via ESTER linkage and phosphodiester linkage to a polar head group

named according to head group (can be + neutral or - charged)

within each subtype, FA chain length and saturation can vary

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11
Q

Phosphatidylcholine

A

phosphoglyceride with a choline head group

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12
Q

Phosphatidylethanolamine

A

phosphoglyceride with a ethanolamine head group

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13
Q

Sphingolipids

A

ABO blood typing determined by cell surface antigens which are sphingolipids

sphingosine backbone with long chain non polar fatty acid tails and polar head groups

can be phospholipid if they contain a phosphodiester bond

others have glycosidic linkages to sugar instead of phosphodiester linkages

4 Classes:

  • Ceramide
  • Sphingomyelins
  • Glycolipids
  • Gangliosides
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14
Q

Glycolipid

A

any lipid linked to a sugar via glycosidic linkage

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15
Q

Ceramide

A

simplest sphingolipid

single H as its head group

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16
Q

Sphingomyelins

A

major class of sphingolipids that are also phospholipids

either have phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylethanolamine as head groups meaning they have a phosphodiester bond

no net charge head groups

major component of cell membrane for cells producing myelin (Schawn and Oligodendrocytes)

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17
Q

Glycosphingolipids/Glycolipids

A

have head groups composed of sugars bonded by glycosidic linkages ; no net charge

no phosphodiester linkage so they aren;t phospholipids

on outer surface of the plasma membrane and can be further classified as cerebrosides or globosides

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18
Q

Cerebrosides

A

glycolipids with single sugar

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19
Q

Globosides

A

glycolipids with two or more sugars

20
Q

Gangliosides

A

most complex sphingolipids

polar head groups made of oligosaccahrides with one or more N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid) molecules at terminus and a negative charge

considered glycolipids with glycosidic linkages

cell interaction, recognition and signal transduction

21
Q

Waxes

A

esters of long chain fatty acids with long chain alcohols

solids at room temp

protection for animals (prevent dehydration/lubrication) and plants (also help with excessive evap)

22
Q

Lipids serve the following roles:

A

structure, cellular signaling, coenzymes and energy storage

23
Q

Terpenes

A

metabolic precursors to steroids and other lipid signaling molecules

built from isoprene (C5H8) moieties with structural pattern of carbons grouped in multiples of 5

scented for protection for insects/plants

24
Q

Monoterpenes

A

two isoprene units, abundant in oils and terpentine

25
Sesquiterpenes
three isoprene units
26
Diterpenes
four isoprene units where Vitamin A is one of them
27
Triterpenes
six isoprene units -> becomes various steroids and cholesterols
28
Tetraterpenes
8 isoprene units -> B carotene and lutein (Carotenids)
29
Terpenoids/Isoprenoids
derivatives of terpenes that have undergone oxygenation/rearrangement of carbon skeleton modified by functional groups precursor molecule like Terpenes to feed into pathways to produce steroids and influence biological function
30
Steroids
metabolic derivatives of terpenes with the following structure: 4 cycloalkane rings fused together: 3 cyclohexanes and one cyclopentane functionality is determined by the oxidation status of these rings and functional groups nonpolar due to large number of carbons and hydrogens
31
Steroid Hormones
steroids that act as hormones that are secreted by endocrine glands and travel on protein carriers to bind to receptors biological signals capable of regulating metabolism and gene expression
32
Cholesterol
steroid component of phospholipid bilayer that mediates membrane fluidity amphipathic molecule that has constant fluidity in the membrane Low temps: keeps membrane from solidifying High Temps: keeps membrane from being too permeable precursor to many molecules
33
Prostaglandins
20 carbon unsaturated carboxylic acids from arachidonic acid and contain a five carbon ring paracrine/autocrine signaling molecule regulate cAMP synthesis which impacts other hormone actions effect smooth muscle function, influence over sleep cycle and elevation of body temp during fever
34
Vitamin
essential nutrient unable to be synthesized by the body
35
Vitamin A
Lipid soluble carotene, unsaturated hydrocarbon for vision, growth and immune function aldehyde form retinol is important for light sensiing part of human eye stored as Retinol, oxidized to retinoic acid to regulate gene expression
36
Vitamin D
lipid soluble cholecalciferol, UV reaction in the skin Vitamin D gets convereted to calcitrol (active form) in liver/kidneys to increase calcium ad phosphate uptake to promote bone production lack causes rickets, curved bones and impeded growth
37
Vitamin E
lipid soluble tocopherols and tocotrenols aromatic ring with a long isoprenoid side chain and are hydrophobic biological antioxidants that destroy free radicals to prevent oxidative damage
38
Vitamin K
lipid soluble phylloquinone and menaquinones vital for posttranslational modificatiions required to form prothrombin as clotting factor in blood introduces calcium binding sites on calcium binding proteins
39
Triacylglycerols
class of lipids used for energy storage three fatty acids bonded by esterlinkages to glycerol (usually different FAs) non polar and hydrophobic polarity is decreased as the polar hydroxyl groups and carboxylates of fatty acids are bonded together travel between liver and adipose tissue characteristics dependent on the saturation of FA chains
40
Why are lipids good for storage?
carbon atoms of fatty acids are more reduced than sugars which have numberous alcohol groups which means they yield twice as much energy (more energy dense) hydrophobic to decrease weight and need for hydration
41
Adipocytes
special cells which store fats and found under skin, abdominal cavity and mammary glands
42
Free Fatty Acids
unesterified fatty acids with free carboxylate group circulate in blood noncovalently bonded to albumin
43
Saponification
ester hydrolysis of triacylglycerols using strong base (lye aka sodium or potassium hydroxide) sodium slat of fatty acid and glycerol left is the soap
44
Surfactant
lowers surface tension of the surface of a liquid making it a detergent/emulsifier
45
Colloid
formed when aqueous solution and oil mix (usually due to introduction of soap)
46
Micelles
tiny aggregates of soap with hydrophobic tails inward and hydrophillic heads outward which allows for solvation (reason why colloids are made) nonpolar compounds dissolve in hydrophobic interior of ater solluble micelle, meaning cleaning agent can dissolve both water soluble and water insoluble messes and wash them away important for absorption of fat soluble vitamins and complex lipids like lecithins can increase SA for lipolytic enzymes.

Biochemistry (5 decks)

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