Carbohydrates

Question 1

What are the insulin independent transporters?

Answer 1

GLUT 1, GLUT 2, GLUT 3

Question 2

What is the insulin dependent transporter?

Answer 2

GLUT 4

Question 3

Normal blood glucose levels?

Answer 3

4-6 mM

Question 4

Converts glucose into 2 pyruvate

Answer 4

Glycolysis

Question 5

Where does glycolysis occur?

Answer 5

Cytosol

Question 6

What regulates glycolysis?

Answer 6

1. Glucose transport
2. Glucokinase
3. Phosphofructokinase-1
4. Pyruvate kinase

Question 7

What is: a complex polymer of glucose molecules?

Answer 7

Glycogen

Question 8

Glycogen is the stored form of what and where?

Answer 8

Glucose, in liver and muscle.

Question 9

The synthesis of glycogen

Answer 9

Glycogenesis

Question 10

Regulations of glycogenesis?

Answer 10

Glucose transport & glycogen synthase

Question 11

The breakdown of glycogen

Answer 11

Glycogenolysis

Question 12

Regulation of glycogenolysis?

Answer 12

Glycogen phosphorylase

Question 13

Biosynthesis of glucose

Answer 13

Gluconeogenesis

Question 14

The function of gluconneogenesis?

Answer 14

Maintenance of blood glucose

Question 15

Precursors of gluconeogensis?

Answer 15

Lactate, glycerol, and amino acids.

Question 16

Regulations of gluconeogenesis?

Answer 16

1. Pyruvate carboxylase
2. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
3. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase
4. Glucose 6-phosphatase

Question 17

Normal blood glucose levels?

Answer 17

4.5-5.5 molecules/L

Question 18

After a meal blood glucose levels?

Answer 18

6.5-7.2 mmol/L

Question 19

Starvation blood glucose levels?

Answer 19

3.3-3.9 mmol/L

Question 20

Where does blood glucose come from?

Answer 20

1. Dietary carbohydrates
2. Liver glycogen
3. Gluconeogenesis

Question 21

Regulations of blood glucose?

Answer 21

1. Transport
2. Glucokinase

Question 22

Fate of pyruvate can be what? (3 options)

Answer 22

1. Fatty acid synthesis
2. Lactate
3. Citric acid cycle

Question 23

Oxidation of acetyl-CoA resulting in formation of ATP

Answer 23

Citric acid cycle

Question 24

True of false: The Citric acid cycle is aerobic.

Answer 24

True

Question 25

Regulations of the Citric Acid cycle?

Answer 25

1. Pyruvate dehydrogenase 2. Isocitrate dehydrogenase

Question 26

Steps of the Citric Acid cycle?

Answer 26

**Pyruvate dehydrogenase —-> Acetyl CoA 1. Acetyl CoA to citrate 2. Citrate to isocitrate 3. Isocritrate to a-ketoglutarate 4. A-ketoglutarate to succinyl-CoA 5. Succinyl-CoA to succinate 6. Succinate to Fumarate 7. Fumarate to malate 8. Malate to Oxaloacetate— start over

Question 27

Glycolysis steps?

Answer 27

Glucose Glucose-6- Phosphate Fructose-6- Phosphate Fructose-1,6-Biphosphate DHAP GLAP 1-3 Biphophoglycerate 3-Phosphoglycerate 2-Phosphoglycerate Phosphenol pyruvate Pyruvate