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Animal Nutrition > Minerals > Flashcards

Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

Define mineral

A

Inorganic element requires as nutrients

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2
Q

What are the 2 groups of of minerals and define them?

A

Macrominerals: required in greater proportions by animals
Microminerals: required in small proportions by animals

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3
Q

Calcium functions?

A
  1. second messenger
  2. enzyme activator
  3. bone mineralization
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4
Q

Calcium deficiencies?

A

Hypocalcemia in cows
Milk fever
Parturient pariesis

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5
Q

Calcium regulations has how many pathways?

A

2

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6
Q

what are the 2 pathways of absorption?

A
  1. Passive: between cells and the tight junction. Diffusion of Calcium (high to low concentration)
  2. Active transport: In the brush boarder (TRPV 6 and TRPV 5). Mobilized from the lumen to the cytosol in the cell; to the basal membrane. From there, (1) PMCA to transported to the outside (2) NCX1 transport in basal membrane. Transport Ca OUTSIDE and Na INSIDE.
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7
Q

Functions of phosphorous

A
  1. bone mineralization
  2. oxidative phosphorylation
  3. Acid-base buffer
  4. DNA and RNA
  5. Phospolipids
  6. Singaling molecules
  7. Reversable modiciation of proteins
  8. Enzymatic reactions
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8
Q

Deficiency of phosphorous can be seen via?

A

Rickets

PICA: when animals are picking on things; will start chewing rocks or wood; it can happen when an animal does not recieve enough phosphorous or fiber— behavioral changes; animals are trying to find it in the ground.

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9
Q

Ca:P ratio

A

They are mobilized together for mineralization. IF NOT ENOUGH phos. proivded, animals won’t be able to deposit Ca in the bones, and leads to issues.

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10
Q

Functions of Magnesium

A
  1. Anion charge neutralization
  2. Cellular energy metabolism
  3. Nucleic acid and protein synthesis
  4. Second messenger
  5. Ion channels
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11
Q

Deficiences of Mg can be seen via?

A

Grass tetany
convulsions
muscle twitching

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12
Q

Sodium, Potassium, and Chloride are what?

A

Electrolytes: improve acid base balance in cells

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13
Q

Functions of Na, K, and Cl?

A
  1. nutrient transport
  2. membrane potentials
  3. extracellular fluid volume
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14
Q

Deficiences of Na+, Cl, K are seen as?

A
  1. Irregular heartbeat
  2. Vomiting
  3. Diarrhea
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15
Q

Iodine function?

A

Thyroid hormone synthesis

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16
Q

Defiecieny of Iodine can be seen via?

A

Goiter: mass in the trachea, the lining where the tyroid gland is

17
Q

What is the function of selenium?

A
  1. Selenoproteins
    ~Glutathionine peroxidases: this enzyme inhibits and destroys natrually occuring peroxides that cause cell damage
    ~Deidinases: mediate the activeation and inactivation of thyroid hormone
    ~Selenoprotein P: protect aganist oxidative injury and to transport selenium from the liver to perpheral
    ~Selenoprotein W: antioxidant
18
Q

Toxicity of Selenium results in?

A
  1. Blind staggers
  2. Abnormal hoof and hair growth
19
Q

Deficiency of selenemium results in?

A
  1. White muscle liver disease
  2. Liver necrosis
20
Q

This mineral is stored bound to ferritin, transported bound to transferrin

A

Iron

21
Q

What are the function of Iron?

A
  1. Heme proteins
    -hemoglobin
    -myoglobin
    -catalase
  2. Proteins with Iron-sulfer centers
    -aconitase
22
Q

What are the functions of zinc?

A
  1. Zince metalloenzymes
    -aminopeptidase
    -fructose 1,6-biphosphate
  2. Zinc finger proteins
  3. Lymphocytes
23
Q

Deficiences of Zinc lead to?

A
  1. Decreased Growth
  2. Dermatitis
24
Q

Function of Copper?

A
  1. Cu metalloenzymes
  2. Neutrophils and T Lymphocytes
  3. Iron metabolism
  4. Bone and vascular function
25
Q

Deficiences of Copper lead to?

A
  1. Anemia
  2. Hair depigmentation
  3. Reduced growth
  4. Arotic rupture
  5. Abnormal bone formation
  6. GI disturbance
26
Q

Manganese functions?

A
  1. Mn metalloenzymes
  2. Cartilage formation
27
Q

Deficinecy of Mn symptoms are?

A
  1. Defective bone formation
  2. Perosis in poultry
28
Q

Function of Sulfer?

A
  1. Required for microbial synthesis of sulfer—amino acids in the rumen
29
Q

Deficiencies of Sulfer cause?

A
  1. Reduced weight gain
  2. Poor wool growth
30
Q

Zinc, copper, and manganese are: ______ dimustases

A

Superoxide

31
Q

What is superoxide dismutases?

A

Catalyze the reaction of free radical oxygen to hydrogen peroixide.
Glutathione peroxidase and catalase then catalyze reactions to convert hydrogen perioxide to water and oxygen.

Animal Nutrition (3 decks)

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