Minerals

Question 1

Define mineral

Answer 1

Inorganic element requires as nutrients

Question 2

What are the 2 groups of of minerals and define them?

Answer 2

Macrominerals: required in greater proportions by animals
Microminerals: required in small proportions by animals

Question 3

Calcium functions?

Answer 3

1. second messenger
2. enzyme activator
3. bone mineralization

Question 4

Calcium deficiencies?

Answer 4

Hypocalcemia in cows
Milk fever
Parturient pariesis

Question 5

Calcium regulations has how many pathways?

Answer 5

2

Question 6

what are the 2 pathways of absorption?

Answer 6

1. Passive: between cells and the tight junction. Diffusion of Calcium (high to low concentration)
2. Active transport: In the brush boarder (TRPV 6 and TRPV 5). Mobilized from the lumen to the cytosol in the cell; to the basal membrane. From there, (1) PMCA to transported to the outside (2) NCX1 transport in basal membrane. Transport Ca OUTSIDE and Na INSIDE.

Question 7

Functions of phosphorous

Answer 7

1. bone mineralization
2. oxidative phosphorylation
3. Acid-base buffer
4. DNA and RNA
5. Phospolipids
6. Singaling molecules
7. Reversable modiciation of proteins
8. Enzymatic reactions

Question 8

Deficiency of phosphorous can be seen via?

Answer 8

Rickets

PICA: when animals are picking on things; will start chewing rocks or wood; it can happen when an animal does not recieve enough phosphorous or fiber— behavioral changes; animals are trying to find it in the ground.

Question 9

Ca:P ratio

Answer 9

They are mobilized together for mineralization. IF NOT ENOUGH phos. proivded, animals won’t be able to deposit Ca in the bones, and leads to issues.

Question 10

Functions of Magnesium

Answer 10

1. Anion charge neutralization
2. Cellular energy metabolism
3. Nucleic acid and protein synthesis
4. Second messenger
5. Ion channels

Question 11

Deficiences of Mg can be seen via?

Answer 11

Grass tetany
convulsions
muscle twitching

Question 12

Sodium, Potassium, and Chloride are what?

Answer 12

Electrolytes: improve acid base balance in cells

Question 13

Functions of Na, K, and Cl?

Answer 13

1. nutrient transport
2. membrane potentials
3. extracellular fluid volume

Question 14

Deficiences of Na+, Cl, K are seen as?

Answer 14

1. Irregular heartbeat
2. Vomiting
3. Diarrhea

Question 15

Iodine function?

Answer 15

Thyroid hormone synthesis

Question 16

Defiecieny of Iodine can be seen via?

Answer 16

Goiter: mass in the trachea, the lining where the tyroid gland is

Question 17

What is the function of selenium?

Answer 17

1. Selenoproteins
   ~Glutathionine peroxidases: this enzyme inhibits and destroys natrually occuring peroxides that cause cell damage
   ~Deidinases: mediate the activeation and inactivation of thyroid hormone
   ~Selenoprotein P: protect aganist oxidative injury and to transport selenium from the liver to perpheral
   ~Selenoprotein W: antioxidant

Question 18

Toxicity of Selenium results in?

Answer 18

1. Blind staggers
2. Abnormal hoof and hair growth

Question 19

Deficiency of selenemium results in?

Answer 19

1. White muscle liver disease
2. Liver necrosis

Question 20

This mineral is stored bound to ferritin, transported bound to transferrin

Answer 20

Iron

Question 21

What are the function of Iron?

Answer 21

1. Heme proteins
   -hemoglobin
   -myoglobin
   -catalase
2. Proteins with Iron-sulfer centers
   -aconitase

Question 22

What are the functions of zinc?

Answer 22

1. Zince metalloenzymes
   -aminopeptidase
   -fructose 1,6-biphosphate
2. Zinc finger proteins
3. Lymphocytes

Question 23

Deficiences of Zinc lead to?

Answer 23

1. Decreased Growth
2. Dermatitis

Question 24

Function of Copper?

Answer 24

1. Cu metalloenzymes
2. Neutrophils and T Lymphocytes
3. Iron metabolism
4. Bone and vascular function

Question 25

Deficiences of Copper lead to?

Answer 25

1. Anemia 2. Hair depigmentation 3. Reduced growth 4. Arotic rupture 5. Abnormal bone formation 6. GI disturbance

Question 26

Manganese functions?

Answer 26

1. Mn metalloenzymes 2. Cartilage formation

Question 27

Deficinecy of Mn symptoms are?

Answer 27

1. Defective bone formation 2. Perosis in poultry

Question 28

Function of Sulfer?

Answer 28

1. Required for microbial synthesis of sulfer—amino acids in the rumen

Question 29

Deficiencies of Sulfer cause?

Answer 29

1. Reduced weight gain 2. Poor wool growth

Question 30

Zinc, copper, and manganese are: ______ dimustases

Answer 30

Superoxide

Question 31

What is superoxide dismutases?

Answer 31

Catalyze the reaction of free radical oxygen to hydrogen peroixide. Glutathione peroxidase and catalase then catalyze reactions to convert hydrogen perioxide to water and oxygen.