Carbohydrates Flashcards
(82 cards)
1
Q
what are some examples of carbohydrates
A
starches, sugar, dietary fibre, glycogen
2
Q
what is a monosaccharide
A
single sugar
3
Q
what is 3 examples of monosaccharides
A
glucose, fructose, galactose
4
Q
what is glucose used for
A
essential energy source
5
Q
what is fructose
A
the sweetest monosaccharides
6
Q
what does galactose rarely occur as
A
rarely occurs naturally as a single sugar
7
Q
if you had 2 monosaccharides what would this form
A
disaccharide
8
Q
what is a disaccharide other name
A
sugars
9
Q
what 1 monosaccharides is always include to form part of the disacchride
A
glucose
10
Q
when is maltose produced
A
during germination of seeds and fermentation
11
Q
what forms maltose
A
glucose + glucose
12
Q
what is sucrose
A
refined from sugar beet, sugar cane e.g. white sugar
13
Q
what forms sucrose
A
glucose + fructose
14
Q
where do you find lactose
A
in dairy products
15
Q
what forms lactose
A
glucose + galactose
16
Q
when you have a few glucose what is this called
A
oligosaccharides
17
Q
when you have many glucose what is this called
A
polysaccharides
18
Q
when oligosaccharides and polysaccharides link together what do they form
A
straight chain = 1,4 bonds
OR
branched chain = 1,6 bonds
19
Q
what is a storage form of glucose in plants called
A
starch
20
Q
what is 3 example of starch
A
grains, tubers, legumes
21
Q
what is a multi branched polysaccarides of glucose called
A
glycogen
22
Q
glycogen is the main storage from of _____ in the body
A
glucose
23
Q
glycogen provides glucose during fasting to where
A
the body and 60% to the brain
24
Q
what does it mean by dietary fibre
A
fraction of edible part of the plant or extract or synthetic analogue that includes polysaccharides, oligosaccharides and ligins
25
in the dietary fibre what are the edible part of the plant resistant to
digestion and absorption in small intestines, w/ complete of partial fermentation in large intestines
26
what physiological effects are promoted in dietary fibre
- lactation
- reduced blood cholesterol
- modulation of blood glucose
27
what is the other name for resistant starch
non starch polysaccharides
28
explain what resistant starch is
prebiotic fibre which is important in the formation of good gut microbiota
29
other types of starch is broken down in the small intestines where is resistant starch broken down in, and what does the mean for digestive health
large intestines.
digestive health is increased through fermentation of starch by the good bacteria now in the bowel
30
what system/response is improved if the good bacteria now in the gut can nourish cells to line gut wall
healthy immune response
31
why can't enzymes break food down in small intestines - what intrinsic and extrinsic factors are taken into consideration
intrinsic factors: physically inaccessible, starch granules
extrinsic factors: chewing time, transit time
32
from a study done in the lancet what is the benefit found of having high fibre foods and what food group should we be having to improve this
decreases risk of chronical diseases
grains
33
what type of study was the ANS 08/09
cohort
34
what was the type of assessment record used in the ANS 08/09
24hr recall
35
how were the people recruited in the ANS 08/09
through the electro roll
36
how many people were recruited
400
37
explain what free sugars are
include monosaccharides and disaccharide added to food by manufacturer or consumer or sugars naturally present in foods such as honey, syrups, fruit juices
38
what is an example of intrinsic sugar and what is
fruit and vegetables - sugar that is naturally in the foods
39
what is an example of added sugar and what is it
sugar extracted, concentrated and refined from sources such as sugar can, fruit or coconut
40
what % does WHO recommend both adults and children reduce their intake of free and added sugars
less than 10% of total energy intake
41
how do you reduce free and added sugar intake
sugar tax, labelling, non nutritive sugars, modify taste
42
does NZ or Australia have a sugar tax
No
43
why might countries have a sugar tax (more then 45 countries) e.g. part of American, Europe, africa
because prevent obesity, increased blood cholesterol or teeth decay
44
what does non nutritive sweetners mean
low - calorie sweeteners
45
what is amylase
an enzyme made by the pancreas and by glands in the mouth
46
what does amylase break carbohydrates and starches into
sugars
47
what causes food to be broken down in the mouth
amylase
48
amylase as saliva and pancreatic juice
- what substance is digestive and what product is formed
digestive: starch
product: maltose
49
lactose in intestinal enzymes
- what substance is digestive and what product is formed
digestive: lactose (milk sugar)
product: glucose and galactose
50
where in the body is bile from
liver
51
for CHO metabolism glucose, galactose and fructose travel via ___ ___ ___ to liver
hepatic portal vein
52
in the liver what is galactose and fructose converted to
glucose
53
what does lactase persistence mean
able to digest lactose in milk - energy in small intestines that break lactase to glucose
- its working able to product it
54
what is the Glycemic index equation
AUC (food of intrest) / AUC (glucose) x100
55
what is the range of high GI
70-100
56
what does high GI mean
carbohydrates which break down quickly during digestion - releasing blood sugar fastly into blood stream
57
what is the range for medium GI
56-69
58
what does medium GI mean
CHO which break down moderately into the bloodstream
59
what is the range for low GI
0-55
60
what does low GI mean
AHO which break slowly during digestion, releasing blood sugar gradually into blood stream
61
what are some examples of low GI
lentils, broccoli, tomatoes, fructose,
62
what are some food examples of medium GI
banana, wholegrain bread, energy bar, honey
63
white bread, sports drinks, pancakes, watermelon, fries are types of what GI
high GI
64
why does something like nutella have a GI of 33 (low GI)
the fat content lowers GI (slows digestion), macronutrient changes food, serving sizes
65
what is the glycemic index
numeric score of blood to tell you how fast it makes your sugar rise. Lower GI slower blood sugar rises after eating that food (typically high fibre), more processed foods have higher GI
66
what does GI not tell you
how high blood sugar could go when actually eat the food
67
what does glycemic load do which is more accurate that glycemic index
how quickly it makes glucose enter bloodstream and how much glucose per serving it can deliver
68
why does watermelon have a high glycemic index yet glycemic load is only 5
watermelon gives high energy but serving of watermelon has so little carbohydrates that glycemic load is only 5
69
according to ANS 08/09 what foods contain most dietary fibre intake
bread, vegetables, potatoes
70
what is a pro of having bread in the diet
has lots of nutrirents
71
what is the difference between einkorn and modern wheat
einkorn- uncharged for 12,000 yrs
modern wheat - bred for higher yields and strong gluten
modified over time
72
what parts of the kernel contains what nutrients
whole - dietary fibre
endosperm - iron
germ- fibre
73
when you take bran and germ away in the production of flour milling what happens
important minerals, fat fibre, vitamins are lose = loss of nutrient
74
what is stone ground
ancient method for milling flour
75
what is stone ground method different to modern day milling
stone ground: genetil on the grain. grain, endosperm, bran and germ are all grounded in the one process through running between stones - taste better and better for you
modern-day milling: fractions are striped at different stages to create prefect white flour
76
what is celiac disease caused by
abnormal immune system response to the proteins in gluten
77
why is gluten important w/ bread making
viscosity, traps gases - makes bread light
78
what is a type of bread that has reduced the gluten in the product through technologies
sourdough
79
what is a systematic review
put more studies together to have more data
80
what is WCRF find about dietary fibre and colon cancer
having food with dietary fibre decrease risk of colorectal cancer
81
what is lactase
enzyme in small intestines breaking down lactose to glucose + galactose
82
if lactase doesn't persist or low what will this mean
lactose intolerence
won't be broken down in small intestine and go into the large intestines and will cause symptoms
