Carbohydrates Flashcards
(119 cards)
1
Q
Most abundant organic molecules in nature
A
Carbohydrates
2
Q
Carbohydrates rae stored primarily in the two most important systems, what are those?
A
Liver and Muscle glycogen
3
Q
C=O
A
carbonyl
4
Q
-OH
A
Hydroxyl
5
Q
Major energy source
A
Glucose
6
Q
The “storage form” of energy
A
Glycogen
7
Q
Component of the cell membranes
A
Glycoprotein
8
Q
Shows linear structure
A
Fischer projection
9
Q
Shows cyclic structure
A
Haworth projection
10
Q
Showing the stereochemistry or location of the attached molecules to the monosaccaride
A
Haworth projection
11
Q
4 classifications of carbohydrates
A
- Monosaccharides
- Disaccharides
- Oligosaccharides
- Polysaccharides
12
Q
Contain just one sugar unit
A
Monosaccharides
13
Q
Glucose, fructose, Galactose are?
A
Monosaccharides
14
Q
Examples of monosaccharides?
A
Glucose, fructose, galactose
15
Q
Contain two sugar units bonded together
A
Disaccharides
16
Q
Formed by the condensation reaction of two monosaccharides
A
Disaccharides
17
Q
Bond between two monosaccharides is called a _______
A
glycosidic bond
18
Q
Carbohydrate is broken into its component sugar molecules by ____
A
Hydrolysis
19
Q
glucose + glucose
A
maltose
20
Q
glucose + fructose
A
sucrose
21
Q
glucose + galactose
A
lactose
22
Q
Bond of Maltose
A
a-1,4-glycosidic bond
23
Q
Bond of sucrose
A
a-1,b-2-glycosidic bond
24
Q
Bond of lactose
A
b-1,4-glycosidic bond
25
Found in malt sugar
maltose
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Found in Table sugar
Sucrose
27
Found in milk
Lactose
28
Contain 2-10 sugar units
Oligosaccharides
29
All disaccharides are oligosaccharides
TRUE
30
More than 10 units of sugar molecule
Polysaccharides
31
Two types of polysaccharides
Homopolysaccharides and Heteropolysaccharides
32
Contains the same type of monosaccharides
Homopolysaccharides
33
contains different types of monosaccharides
Heteropolysaccharide
34
Examples of homopolysaccharide
1. Starch
2. Amylose
3. Amylopectin
4. Glycogen
35
Examples of heteropolysaccharide
1. Cellulose
2. Pectin
3. Chtin
4. Heparin
36
A polysaccharide that is found in blood
Heparin
37
Size of the base carbon chain:
1. Trioses
2. Teroses
3. Pentoses
4. Hexoses
1. 3 carbons
2. 4 carbons
3. 5 carbons
4. 6 carbons
38
The funtional group of aldose is an ____
aldehyde
39
Functional group is an aldehyde
Aldose
40
Carbonyl group at the end
Aldose
41
Examples of aldose
glucose, galactose, mannose
42
Functional group is a ketone
Ketose
43
The functional group of ketose is a ___
Ketone
44
Carbonyl group at any other position
Ketose
45
Ketose carbonyl carbon is found at ___
any other position
46
Aldose carbonyl carbon is found at ___
the end
47
Example of ketose
Fructose
48
Compounds that have the same chemical formula but different spatial arrangement of atoms
Isomers
49
Examples of isomers
glucose, fructose, galactose and mannose - they have the same formula (C6H12O6)
50
Isomers that differ in configuration around only one specific carbon atom (exept the carbonyl carbon)
Epimers
51
Examples of epimers
1. glucose and galactose (differ only in position
of -OH in C4)
2. glucose and mannose (differ only in position
of -OH in C2)
52
Optical isomers or stereoisomers
Enantiomers
53
Pairs of structures that are mirror images of each
other
Enantiomers
54
The enantiomers are designated as: D - sugar
(Dextrorotatory) - RIGHT
55
The enantiomers are designated as: L - sugar
(Levorotatory) - LEFT
56
In Enantiomers, __-sugars are more common
D-sugars
57
To determine whether you are going to use D or L, you need to
identify or locate first the ___
PENULTIMATE CARBON
58
___ is the second to the last carbon or the
farthest chiral carbon from the carbonyl
Penultimate carbon
59
If the OH group of the penultimate carbon is on the RIGHT, it is a ___
D-Sugar
60
If the OH group of the penultimate carbon is on the LEFT, it is a ___
L-Sugar
61
Cyclic monosaccharides or glucosides that are
epimers differing from each other in the configuration
Anomers
62
Furanose:
Five membered rings
63
Pyranose:
Six membered rings
64
Where does digestion begin?
in the mouth
65
Carbohydrates are first digested in the mouth by ___
salivary amylase
66
In absorption onlye ___ are absorbed
monosaccharides
67
Which side is SGLT-1 (Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter)?
Luminal side
68
Secondary active transport
SGLT-1 (Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter)
69
SGLT-1 (Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter) is for?
glucose and galactose
70
Which side is GLUT-5?
Luminal side
71
Facilitates diffusion
GLUT-5
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for fructose
GLUT-5
73
for glucose and galactose
SGLT-1 (Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter)
74
It is secondary because the primary active transport is in the sodium-potassium pump
SGLT-1 (Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter)
75
Which side is GLUT-2?
Basolateral side
76
GLUT-2 facilitates ___?
diffusion
77
Facilitates diffusion
GLUT-2
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For ALL TYPES of Monosaccharides?
GLUT-2
79
Glucose pathways?
1. Glycolysis
2. Gluconeogenesis
3. Glycogenolysis
4. Glycogenisis
5. Lipogenesis
6. Lipolysis
80
Metabolism of glucose molecule to pyruvate or lactate for production of energy
Glycolysis
81
Formation of glucose-6-phosphate from noncarbohydrate sources
Gluconeogenesis
82
Breakdown of glycogen to glucose for use as energy
Glycogenolysis
83
Conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage
Glycogenesis
84
Conversion of carbohydrates to fatty acids
Lipogenesis
85
Decomposition of fat
Lipolysis
86
inadequate oxygen level, especially during exercise
Anaerobic Glycolysis
87
Glucose→Pyruvate→Acetyl CoA→Krebs Cycle→Oxidative
Glucose→Pyruvate→Acetyl CoA→Krebs Cycle→Oxidative
88
How many atp in 1 molecule of glucose
36 adenosine triphosphates
89
Did not take carbohydrates in less than a day
Brief fast
90
Glucose is supplied to the ECF from the liver through glycogenolysis
Brief fast
91
In Brief fast, Glucose is supplied to the ECF from the liver through ___?
glycogenolysis
92
Glucose is synthesized from noncarbohydrate sources (gluconeogenesis)
Fasting period longer than 1 day
93
In Fasting period longer than 1 day, Glucose is synthesized from ___? through ___?
noncarbohydrate sources, gluconeogenesis
94
Control of blood glucose is under 2 major hormones:
1. Insulin
2. Glucagon
95
Hormone Regulation
Insulin
Glucagon
Epinephrine
Cortisol
Growth Hormone
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
Thyroxine
Somatostatin
Incretins
96
Hormone regulation for increase
Glucagon
Epinephrine
Cortisol
Growth Hormone
ACTH
Thyroxine
Somatostatin
97
Hormone regulation for decrease
Insulin
Incretins
98
In high glucose level (after eating), ___ of the pancreas are stimulated to release ___ into the blood.
beta- cells, insulin
99
In high glucose level (after eating), Body cells will take up more ___ and Liver takes up glucose and stores it as ___?
glucose, glycogen
100
In Low blood glucose (due to skipping a meal), ___ of the pancreas stimulated to release ___ into the blood
Alpha cells, glucagon
101
In Low blood glucose (due to skipping a meal), Liver breaks down ___ and releases glucose into the blood
glycogen
102
is normally secreted by the beta cells (a type of islet cell) of the pancreas.
Insulin
103
Insulin is normally secreted by the ___ (a type of islet cell) of the pancreas
beta-cells
104
Stimulus of insulin
Hyperglycemia
105
Actions of Insulin
→ Promotes glucose cellular entry
→ Muscles and adipose tissues
→ Increases glycogenesis, lipogenesis, and glycolysis (metabolism of glucose as a source of energy)
→ Inhibits glycogenolysis
→ Decrease blood glucose level
106
Produced in the Alpha-cells of islets of Langerhans
Glucagon
107
Glucagon is produced in the ___ of ___
alpha-cells, islets of Langerhans
108
Stimulus of Glucagon
→ during stress
→ fasting states
109
Actions of Glucagon
→ Enhances glycogenolysis (cause breakdown of glycogen forming glucose) and gluconeogenesis (formation of glucose from another non-carbohydrate source)
→ Increases blood glucose level
110
Exocrine enzymes:
Amylase and Lipase
111
Endocrine, 4 hormones fromd ifferent cells in the islet of langerhans:
→ Glucagon (alpha cells)
→ Insulin (Beta-cells)
→ Somatostatin (delta cells)
→ Pancreatic polypeptide (PP or F cells)
112
Increases blood glucose level
Glucagon - alpha cells
113
Lowers blood glucose level
Insulin - Beta-cells
114
inhibits the release of growth hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Somatostatin - delta cells
115
inhibits the release of pancreatic hormones, including insulin
Somatostatin - delta cells
116
prevents blood glucose level from increasing
Somatostatin - delta cells
117
Regulate the exocrine and endocrine of the pancreas
Pancreatic Polypeptide - PP or F cells
118
“hunger hormone”
Ghrelin - Epsilon cells
119
Stimulate a person to become hungry
Ghrelin - Epsilon cells
