Liver

Question 1

2 blood supplies of liver and their type and percentage

Answer 1

Hepatic artery (25% oxygen rich blood)

Portail Vein (75% nutrient rich blood)

Question 2

Chief metabolic organ

Answer 2

Liver

Question 3

Liver is composed of ___(_%) and ___ cells

Answer 3

80% Hepatocytes; Kupffer cells

Question 4

Considered as the liver’s macrophage

Answer 4

Kupffer cells

Question 5

Functional unit of liver

Answer 5

Lobules

Question 6

Portal triad is combosed of?

Answer 6

Hepatic artery, Portal vein, Bile duct

Question 7

Liver has the capacity to regenerate by ___ and ___

Answer 7

cell distortion; hypertrophy

Question 8

During lobectomy, the patient can survive as long as only __% is taken

Answer 8

65%

Question 9

Flow of blood in the liver

Answer 9

Hepatic artery & Portal vein > Hepatic sinusoids > Central Canal

Question 10

Flow of waste products in hepatocytes

Answer 10

Bile canal → intrahepatic ducts → right or left hepatic duct → common hepatic duct → common bile duct → duodenum of Small Intestine

Question 11

Example of waste product in liver

Answer 11

bilirubin

Question 12

Capable to create substances

Answer 12

Synthetic funtion

Question 13

Plasma proteins, CHO, lipids, LPPs, clotting factors, ketone
bodies and enzymes

Answer 13

Synthetic function

Question 14

CHO:

Answer 14

Glycogen, glucose

Question 15

Lipids:

Answer 15

Lipoproteins, VLDL, cholesterol etc

Question 16

Clotting factor

Answer 16

Fibrinogen, calcium

Question 17

Normal synthetic function

Answer 17

12g albumin/ day

Question 18

Metabolism of cholesterol into bile acid

Answer 18

Synthetic function

Question 19

Almost all proteins are synthesized in the liver except for __

Answer 19

Immunoglobulins

Question 20

Bilirubin Metabolism

Answer 20

Conjugation function

Question 21

___ - ___ mg of bilirubin (conjugated) produced daily

Answer 21

200-300

Question 22

The average lifespan of RBCs is __ days.

Answer 22

120 days

Question 23

The phagocytosed RBC’s breakdown product is __ and __.

Answer 23

GLOBIN and HEME

Question 24

this will be further metabolized into amino acids, which will be delivered in amino acid pool (to be reused later on for protein synthesis)

Answer 24

globin

Question 25

Inside the heme is ___ and ___

Answer 25

porphyrin ring and iron

Question 26

___: (if it is not in the pathway of the liver) it will be transferred or carried to the liver through a carrier protein, known as __

Answer 26

Iron; TRANSFERRIN

Question 27

The form of iron that the transferrin can carry

Answer 27

Ferric iron (Fe3+)

Question 28

Storage form of iron

Answer 28

Ferritin

Question 29

Heme (Porhyrin ring) is converted to ___ with the enzyme ___

Answer 29

biliverdin; heme oxygenase

Question 30

Biliverdin is converted to ___ with the enzyme ___

Answer 30

unconjugated bilirubin; biliverdin reductase

Question 31

carrier protein of unconjugated bilirubin

Answer 31

Albumin

Question 32

Where will unconjugated bilirubin go? − If ever it is not in the liver, it will be carried by the albumin to the __.

Answer 32

hepatocyte

Question 33

The unconjugated bilirubin will enter the hepatocyte through either of this two methods:

Answer 33

1. Passive diffusion 2. Receptor mediated endocytosis

Question 34

substances found inside the hepatocyte: __ and __

Answer 34

Y&Z Proteins and Ligandin

Question 35

When there is now a complex with Y&Z Proteins, Ligandin, and Unconjugated proteins, they will now go to the ___ of the hepatocyte

Answer 35

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

Question 36

This is where the conjugation of B1 will take place.

Answer 36

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

Question 37

the enzyme that will conjugate the B1 to B2 or the conjugated bilirubin

Answer 37

Uridine Diphosphate Glucuronosyltransferase (UDPGT)

Question 38

Now, the conjugated bilirubin or B2 will be excreted by the hepatocyte ▪ excretion pathway: Bile canal → intrahepatic ducts → right or left hepatic duct → common hepatic duct → common bile duct → ___

Answer 38

duodenum of SMALL INTESTINE

Question 39

Intestinal bacteria is present in the intestine → This bacteria will convert B2 into ___

Answer 39

mesobilirubin

Question 40

Mesobilirubin will be converted next to ___

Answer 40

mesobilirubinogen

Question 41

From mesobilirubinogen, it will become ___.

Answer 41

urobilinogen

Question 42

Now, ___% of the urobilinogen will become ___.

Answer 42

80%; stercobilin

Question 43

The reason why feces is brown

Answer 43

stercobilin

Question 44

The remaining 20% of the urobilinogen will go to either the ___ or the ___.

Answer 44

extrahepatic circulation; systemic circulation

Question 45

the urobilinogen will be reabsorbed into the blood and goes either into the liver for reexcretion in the bile, or the urine.

Answer 45

extrahepatic circulation

Question 46

urobilinogen may go to the kidney, then to the urinary bladder.

Answer 46

Systemic circulation

Question 47

if this urobilinogen stays in the urinary bladder, it will converted to ___

Answer 47

urobilin

Question 48

ONE of the substances that causes the yellow coloration of the urine.

Answer 48

Urobilin

Question 49

is the primary substance that causes the yellow coloration of urine

Answer 49

Urochrome

Question 50

B2 + Albumin

Answer 50

delta bilirubin

Question 51

Fractions of bilirubin - B1

Answer 51

● bilirubin monoglucuronide ● unconjugated bilirubin ● water- insoluble bilirubin ● indirect bilirubin ● non-polar bilirubin

Question 52

Fractions of bilirubin - B2

Answer 52

● bilirubin diglucuronide ● conjugated bilirubin ● water- soluble bilirubin ● direct bilirubin ● polar bilirubin

Question 53

TOTAL BILIRUBIN

Answer 53

B1+ B2 + DELTA BILIRUBIN

Question 54

B1

Answer 54

TOTAL BILIRUBIN - B2

Question 55

Protects body from potentially harmful substances absorbed from GIT and toxic by-products of metabolism

Answer 55

DETOXIFICATION AND DRUG METABOLISM

Question 56

Through urea cycle

Answer 56

Ammonia

Question 57

● Excretion of bile- bile acids or salts, pigments, cholesterol ● Bile acids

Answer 57

EXCRETORY AND SECRETORY FUNCTIONS

Question 58

→ Cholic acid ▪ Conjugated cholic acid → ___

Answer 58

cholate

Question 59

→ Chenodeoxycholic acid ▪ Conjugated chenodeoxycholic acid → ___

Answer 59

chenodeoxycholate

Question 60

Glycine are conjugated with glycine and taurine forming __

Answer 60

bile salts

Question 61

All fat-soluble vitamins

Answer 61

Vitamins ADEK

Question 62

Water soluble vitamins

Answer 62

B12