Lipids Flashcards
1
Q
Collection of organic molecules of varying chemical composition
A
Lipids
2
Q
4 Main Groups of Lipids
A
→ Fatty Acids (Saturated & Unsaturated)
→ Glycerides (Glycerol-containing Lipids)
→ Nonglyceride Lipids (Sphingolipids, Steroids, Wax)
→ Complex Lipids (Lipoproteins)
3
Q
Energy Source → Oxidation = 1 gram of fat = ???
A
9 kcal of energy
4
Q
More than ___ the energy released by oxidation of 1 gram of ___
A
twice, carbohydrate
5
Q
Energy Storage
A
Triglycerides in adipocytes
6
Q
storage form of CHOs are ___
A
glycogen
7
Q
Basic structure of all cell membranes
A
Phosphoglycerides, Sphingolipids, Steroids
8
Q
phospholipid bilayer
A
Basic structure of all cell membranes
9
Q
Steroid Hormones
A
Hormones
10
Q
Vitamins
A
Lipid-soluble vitamins (A,D,E, and K)
11
Q
Vitamin Absorption
A
Dietary fat
12
Q
Dietary fat
A
carrier of lipid-soluble vitamin
13
Q
Protection
A
Fats as shock absorber
14
Q
Insulation
A
Subcutaneous fat
15
Q
Long-chain monocarboxylic acids (COOH)
A
Fatty Acids
16
Q
Fatty acids are long-chain ___
A
monocarboxylic acids
17
Q
Fatty acids generally contain an ___
A
even number of C atoms
18
Q
Polar End
A
Hydrophilic End (OH)
19
Q
Non-Polar End
A
Hydrophobic End
20
Q
Hydrophobic End
A
fat-soluble tail (R) = hydrocarbon chain
21
Q
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO THE NUMBER OF CARBON ATOMS:
A
Short-Chain Fatty Acids → Less than 6 C
Medium-Chain Fatty Acids → 6-10 C = includes 11
Long-Chain Fatty Acids → More than 12 C
22
Q
Each C being ‘‘saturated’’ w/ H
A
Saturated Fatty Acids
23
Q
No double bonds
A
Saturated Fatty Acids
24
Q
General Formula of Saturated fatty acids
A
CH3(CH2)nCOOH
25
Composed of at least 1 C-C double bond
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
26
Almost are in the cis configuration
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
27
Unsaturated FAs are composed of at least ___
1 C-C double bond
28
Unsaturated FAs almost are in the ___
cis configuration
29
Composed of 1 C-C double bond
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids (MUFA)
30
MuFasare composed of __
1 C-C double bond
31
Composed of more than 1 C-C double bond
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA)
32
PuFas are composed of ___
more than 1 C-C double bond
33
Identifies the position of the double bond nearest the methyl end (CH3)
of the carbon chain
Omega Number
34
Omega Number Identifies the position of the double bond nearest the ___
of the carbon chain
methyl end (CH3)
35
1st double bond 3 carbons away from the methyl end
Omega 3 FA
36
6 carbons from methyl end
Omega 6 FA
37
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO THE LOCATION OF HYDROGEN - Only applicable to ___
Unsaturated FAs
38
H's on same side of the double bond
cis-Fatty Acid
39
Fold into a U-like formation
cis-Fatty Acid
40
Neighboring Hs repel e/o = bending of C chain
cis-Fatty Acid
41
Naturally occurring
cis-Fatty Acid
42
H's on the opposite side of the DB
trans-Fatty Acid
43
Straight line = Hs are far apart from o/a
trans-Fatty Acid
44
Occur in partially hydrogenated food
trans-Fatty Acid
45
Fatty Acids w/ Double bond before C9
Essential Fatty Acids
46
Linoleic Acid
Essential Fatty Acids
47
Fatty acids w/o double bond bfore C9
Nonessential Fatty Acids
48
Body can't form C=C DB before C9
Nonessential Fatty Acids
49
Forms C=C DB after C9
Nonessential Fatty Acids
50
Oleic Acid
Nonessential Fatty Acids
51
Fatty acids react w/ alcohols to
form esters & water
Esterification
52
Products of dehydration of
carboxylic acid & alcohol
Esters
53
Producing fatty acids from esters
Acid Hydrolysis
54
Opposite of esterification
Acid Hydrolysis
55
Base-catalyzed hydrolysis of an ester
Saponification
56
Ionized salt product of the rx
Soap
57
Have a long uncharged hydrocarbon tail & a negatively charged terminus (carboxylate)
Soap
58
Form micelles that dissolve oil & dirt particles
Soap
59
Common strong bases used in saponification
NaOH/KOH/Lard
60
Used in the food industry to convert polyunsaturated vegetable
oils into saturated solid fats
Hydrogenation
61
Carried out to add hydrogen to some (but not all)
double bonds in polyunsaturated oils
Partial Hydrogenation
62
Liquid vegetable oils are converted into solid form (Crisco & margarine)
Partial Hydrogenation
63
Lipid esters containing the glycerol molecule and fatty acids
Glycerides
64
Nonionic & nonpolar
Neutral Glycerides
65
Produced after the esterification of glycerol w/ a fatty acid
Neutral Glycerides
66
Esterification may occur at 1, 2, or all 3 positions
→ Monoglycerides
→ Diglycerides
→ Triglycerides = most important and main storage form of lipids in man (adipocytes)
67
Have a polar/hydrophilic region (phosphoryl group) in
addition to nonpolar/hydrophhobic FA tails
Phosphoglycerides
68
Can be seen in our cell membranes
Phosphoglycerides
69
Simplest phosphoglyceride
Phosphatidate
70
Lipids that are not derived from glycerol
Sphingolipids
71
Amphipathic (have both polar & nonpolar ends) & structural components of cellular membranes
Sphingolipids
72
Sphingolipids are derived from ___
sphingosine (long chain, N- containing alcohol)
73
Located throughout the body
Sphingomyelins
74
Impt. lipid components of nerve cell membranes
Sphingomyelins
75
Found in abundance in the myelin sheath = surrounds & insulate cells of the CNS (neurons)
Sphingomyelins
76
Role is essential to proper cerebral function and nerve transmission
Sphingomyelins
77
Also considered as a phospholipid
Sphingomyelins
78
Considered the smallest sphingolipid
Sphingomyelins
79
Includes cerebrosides, sulfatides, & gangliosides
Glycosphingolipids (Glycolipids)
80
fatty acid amide derivative of sphingosine
ceramide
81
Built on a ceramide backbone structure
Glycosphingolipids (Glycolipids)
82
Characterized by a single monosaccharide head group
Cerebrosides
83
Found in the membranes of macrophages
Glucocerebroside
84
Consists of ceramide bonded to the hexose glucose
Glucocerebroside
85
Glucocerebroside → Found in the membranes of ___
Macrophages
86
Found almost exclusively in the membranes of brain cells
Galactocerebroside
87
Ceramide joined to the monosaccharide galactose
Galactocerebroside
88
Galactocerebroside → Found almost exclusively in the membranes of __
brain cells
89
steroid carbon skeleton
steroid nucleus
90
Contain the steroid nucleus
Steroids
91
Steroid nucleus + OH
Sterol
92
Known sterol found in the membranes
Cholesterol
93
Not purely hydrophobic = still has OH end
Amphipathic
94
Perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene Ring
Cholesterol
95
Chemical name for cholesterol
Perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene Ring
96
Regulates membrane fluidity
Nonpolar Fused Ring
97
Polar
Hydroxyl Group (OH)
98
Almost exclusively synthesized by animals
Cholesterol
99
Not readily catabolized by most cells
Cholesterol
100
Can be converted in the liver to primary bile acids (cholic acid) & chenodeoxycholic acid
Cholesterol
101
Esterified form of cholesterol
Cholesteryl Ester
102
OH conjugated by an ester bond to a fatty acid
Cholesteryl Ester
103
Very hydrophobic = no polar groups (OH)
Cholesteryl Ester
104
Amphipathic derivatives of cholesterol
Bile Salts
105
Synthesized in the liver and stored in the gallbladder
Bile Salts
106
Bile salts are synthesized in the ___ and stored in the ___
liver, gallbladder
107
Cholate & Chenodeoxycholate
Bile Salts
108
aids in digestion of fats
Emulsifying agent - bile salts
109
Emulsifying agent
bile salts
110
Contains steroid nucleus
Steroid Hormones
111
If found in the bloodstream = won't mix w/ blood
Steroid Hormones
112
Steroid Hormones
→ Testosterone
→ Progesterone
→ Estrone, Estrogen, and its derivatives
→ Cortisone and Cortisol
→ Aldosterone
113
Derived from many different sources and have a variety of chemical
compositions, depending on the source (paraffin wax)
Waxes
114
Waxes
→ Long hydrocarbon tails
→ Extremely hydrophobic = completely insoluble in water
→ Solid at room temp.
115
Protective coating for hair and skin (used in skin creams & ointments)
Lanolin
116
Bonded to other types of molecules
Complex Lipids
117
Consist of a core of hydrophobic lipids surrounded by amphipathic proteins, phospholipids, & cholesterol
Lipoproteins
118
Lipoproteins:
Shape →
Size →
Shape → Typically spherical
Size → Ranges from 10-1200 nm
119
Protein part of LPP
Apolipoproteins
120
Have larger core regions
Larger LPP
121
Contain relatively more TAG & cholesteryl ester
Larger LPP
122
The larger the LPP, the more lipid relative to CHON
True
123
Classifications → Based on Centrifugation
won't move in electrophoresis
Chylomicrons (chylos)
124
Classifications → Based on Centrifugation
travels to beta region
Very-low-density LPP (VLDL)
125
Classifications → Based on Centrifugation
travels to pre-beta region
Low-density LPP (LDL)
126
Classifications → Based on Centrifugation
travels to alpha region
High-density LPP (HDL)
