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Carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

Starch, glycogen and cellulose are:

A

Polysaccharides

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2
Q

Sucrose, Lactose and Maltose are:

A

Disaccharides

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3
Q

Glucose, Galactose and Fructose are examples of:

A

Monosaccharides

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4
Q

Glucose + Glucose

A

Maltose

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5
Q

Glucose + Galactose

A

Lactose

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6
Q

Glucose + Fructose

A

Sucrose

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7
Q

Primary source of energy; can be converted to fatty acid then adipose

A

Glucose

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8
Q

Renal threshold of glucose:

A

160-180 my/dL

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9
Q

Average of glucose:

A

170 mg/dL

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10
Q

The only hypoglycemic hormone, B cells of Islets of Langerhan of Pancreas

A

Insulin

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11
Q

Glucose metabolism

A

Glycolysis

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12
Q

Conversion of glucose to glycogen from storage.

A

Glycogenesis

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13
Q

Conversion of glucose to fatty acid

A

Lipogenesis

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14
Q

Primary hyperglycemic agent.

A

Glucagon

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15
Q

Glycogen stores up to:

A

24-48 hrs

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16
Q

Breakdown of glycogen to glucose 6 PO4

A

Glycogenolysis

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17
Q

Decomposition of fat

A

Lipolysis

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18
Q

lipids + Pyruvate & lactate = Glucose

A

Gluconeogenesis

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19
Q

FBS level in hyperglycemic patient

A

> /= 126 mg/dL

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20
Q

It is toxic to beta cell function and impairs insulin secretion
An abnormally high blood glucose level and hallmarksign of Diabetes (I and II) and pre-diabetes.

A

Hyperglycemia

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21
Q

Genetics nightmare

A

Type 2 DM

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22
Q

Associated with obesity and sedentary lifestyle

A

Type 2 DM

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23
Q

Normal ratio of C-peptide:insulin:

A

5:1 - 15:1

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24
Q

C-peptide level of type 1 DM

A

Undetectable

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25
C-peptide level of type 2 DM
Detectable
26
Ketones of Type 1 DM
Common, Uncontrollable (DKA)
27
Ketones of Type 2 DM
Rare
28
Major ketone
B hydroxybutyrate
29
Parent ketone
Acetoacetic acid
30
Least ketone
Acetone
31
The brain can use as a source of energy thru TCA cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle) Acidic in nature
Ketones bodies
32
React only with acetoacetate
Gerhardt’s ferric chloride test
33
In severe DM, the ratio of B-hydroxybutyrate to acetoacetate is:
6:1
34
10x more sensitive to acetoacetate than to acetone
Nitroprusside test
35
Detects acetoacetate and acetone
Acetest
36
A form of type 1 DM that has no known
Idiopathic Type 1 DM
37
Patient fasting hours
8-12 hrs
38
Glucose is metabolized at room temp
7 my/dL/hr
39
Glucose is metabolized at 4°C
2 mg/dL/hr
40
Method specific to glucose
Enzymatic method
41
You can preserve glucose in:
3 days
42
Measures B-D-Glucose
Glucose Oxidase method
43
Most specific method/Reference method
Hexokinase method
44
Measures the rate of O2 consumption w/c is equal to glucose concentration
Polarography glucose oxidase
45
Method of phosphomylbdate blue
Folin wu
46
Method of arsenomolybdate
Nelson-Somogyi
47
Reduction of cupric with glucose (2,9-dimethyl-1-10 phenanthroline hydrochloride)
Neocuproine method
48
Examples of alkaline copper reduction method
Folin wu Nelson somogyi Neocuproine
49
Method that usesnglacial Acetic Acid
Ortho-toluidine Method (Dubowski)
50
Modification of Folin-Wu
Benedict’s Method
51
Used for the detection and quantitation of reducing substances in body fluids. Use citrate or tartrate as stabilizing agent.
Condensation method
52
Glucose measurement using the reducing substances
5-15 mg/dL
53
Formed from the nonenzymatic, irreversible attachment of glucose to hemoglobin A1
Glycosylated Hemoglobin
54
Months that HbA1c can test
2-4 months
55
Methods of HbA1c
Electrophoresis, Immunoassay, HPLC, Affinity Chromatography
56
Specimen used in HbA1c
EDTA whole blood (nonfast)
57
Reference range of HbA1c
4-6%
58
Effective treatment range of HbA1c
<7%
59
It is useful in monitoring effectiveness of treatment and compliance of diabetic individual to treatment protocol
HbA1c
60
Also known as Glycated Hb
HbA1c
61
For monitoring of long term glucose control
Glycosylated Hemoglobin
62
Measured by spectrophotometric/colorimetric methods, affinity chromatography, and high-performance liquid chromatography
Fructosamine
63
Also known as glycosylated albumin
Fructosamine
64
How many weeks can be tested in fructosamine
3-6 weeks
65
Short term Glucose control
Glycosylated albumin
66
Range of Impaired Plasma Glucose:
100-125 mg/dL
67
Range of DM:
≥ 126 mg/dL
68
Range of Non-Diabetic (Pre-Diabetes)/normal:
<100mg/dl
69
Range of DM RBS/Casual plasma glucose:
≥ 200mg/dL (with symptoms of DM)
70
Range of DM FBS:
≥126 mg/dL
71
Range of DM 2-hr Post Glucose Load
≥200 mg/dL
72
Impaired ability to metabolize carbohydrate usually caused by a deficiency of insulin ,metabolic or hormonal changes.
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)
73
If she is not found to have GDM during the initial screening, the woman should be retested at __________ weeks of gestation.
24-28 weeks
74
Screening test for Gestational DM
1 hr GCT (50g)
75
At what range is OGTT performed?
≥140 mg/dL,
76
Kinds of GTT
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test ( OGTT) Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test (IVGTT)
77
The most common method in OGTT. Single dose.
Janney-Isaac Method
78
Methods in OGTT
Janney-Isaac Method Exton Rose Method
79
fasting plasma glucose in GDM
>95 mg/dL
80
1-hour plasma glucose in GDM
> 180 mg/dL
81
2-hour plasma glucose in GDM
> 155 mg/dL
82
3-hour plasma glucose in GDM
> 140 mg/dL
83
Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase deficiency (most common)
Galactosemia
84
Fructokinase catalyzes the conversion of fructose to fructose 1 phosphate
Essential Fructosuria
85
Methods in essential fructosuria
Seliwanoff Bial's
86
Color of Seliwanoff
cherry red/red-orange
87
Color of Bial's
Red
88
a defect of fructose-1-6-biphosphate aldolase B
Hereditary Fructose intolerance
89
result in failure of hepatic glucose generation
Fructose 1-6- biphosphate deficiency

Clinical Chemistry (6 decks)

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