Laboratory Safety, Basic Units & Conversion Factors Flashcards
(212 cards)
1
Q
It is a policies that mandate measures to reduce or eliminate exposure to hazard
A
Work Practice Control
2
Q
-Hand washing after each patient contact -Cleaning surfaces with disinfectants
-Avoiding unnecessary use of needles and sharps and not recapping
-Red bag waste disposal
-Immunization for hepatitis
-Job rotation to minimize repetitive tasks -Orientation, training, and continuing education -No eating, drinking, or smoking in laboratory
-Signage/warning signage
A
Work Practice Control
3
Q
A safety features built into the overall design of a product
A
Engineering controls
4
Q
-Puncture-resistant containers for disposal and transport of needles and sharps
-Safety needles that automatically retract after removal
-Biohazard bags
-Splash guards
-Volatile liquid carriers
-Centrifuge safety buckets
-Biological safety cabinets and fume hoods -Mechanical pipetting devices
-Computer wrist/arm pads
-Sensor-controlled sinks or foot/knee/ elbow controlled faucets
A
Engineering controls
5
Q
A barriers that physically separate the user from a hazard
A
PPE
6
Q
-Nonlatex gloves Isolation gowns
-Masks, including particulate respirators
-Face shields
-Protective eyewear (goggles, safety glasses)
A
PPE
7
Q
-Chemical-resistant gloves;
-subzero (freezer) gloves; thermal gloves
-Hearing protection (earplugs or earmuffs) -Eyewash station
-Safety shower
-Fire extinguisher
-Laboratory spill kit
-First aid kit
A
Emergency equipment
8
Q
Thermodynamic temperature
A
Kelvin
9
Q
Celsius temperature
A
Degree celsius
10
Q
A predominant practice for temperature measurement uses:
A
Celsius or centigrade
11
Q
The SI designation for temperature:
A
Kelvin
12
Q
Unit of enzymes. A catalytic activity.
A
Katal
13
Q
Formula of Celsius to Fahrenheit
A
°C (9/5) + 32
14
Q
Formula of Fahrenheit to Celsius:
A
(°F - 32) 5/9
15
Q
Exa
A
10’18
16
Q
Peta
A
10’15
17
Q
Tera
A
10’12
18
Q
Giga
A
10’9
19
Q
Mega
A
10’6
20
Q
Kilo
A
10’3
21
Q
Hecto
A
10’2
22
Q
Deka
A
10’1
23
Q
Deci
A
10’-1
24
Q
Centi
A
10’-2
25
Milli
10'-3
26
Micro
10'-6
27
Nano
10'-9
28
Pico
10'-12
29
Femto
10'-15
30
Atto
10'-18
31
Conversion factor of Albumin:
10
32
Conversion factor of Bilirubin
17.1
33
Conversion factor of BUN
0.357
34
Conversion factor of Na, K, Cl
1
35
Conversion factor of Cholesterol
0.026
36
Conversion factor of Creatinine
88.4
37
Conversion factor of Glucose
0.0555
38
Conversion factor of Thyroxine
12.87
39
Conversion factor of Total Protein
10
40
Conversion factor of Triglycerides
0.0113
41
Conversion factor of Uric Acid
0.0595
42
Wavelength of visible
400-700nm
43
Wavelength of UV region
<400nm
44
Wavelength of Infrared region
>700 nm
45
Frequency is inversely proportional to wavelength
Planck
46
A measurement of light transmitted by a solution
Spectrophotometry
47
Polychromatic light ; many color
Light/Radiant source
48
Most commonly used light
Tungsten light bulb/incandescent tungsten/tungsten iodide lamp
49
Light source used in AAS
Hollow cathode lamp
50
Most commonly used light in UV
deuterium discharge lamp and the mercury arc lamp
51
Wavelength of hydrogen deuterium lamp
200-375 nm
52
It minimizes unwanted stray light.
Entrance slit
53
The most common cause of loss of linearity
Stray light
54
Major effect of stray light
Absorbance error
55
It detects stray light
Cutoff filters
56
It verifies absorbance accuracy on linearity
Neutral filter & dichromate solution
57
Increase concentration, increase absorbance
Linearity
58
It isolates specific wavelengths of light.
Monochromator
59
Most commonly used monochromator
Diffraction gratings
60
Short wavelengths are refracted more than long wavelengths
Prism
61
A least expensive, not precise, they are simple, inexpensive, and useful monochromator
Colored glass filter
62
Check wavelength accuracy
Didymium or holmium oxide filter
Mercury arc lamp
63
Measurement of assay at two different wavelength
Bichromatic analysis
64
It controls the bandpass or band width
Exit slit
65
It holds the solution
Cuvet
66
Also called absorption cell/analytical cell/sample cell
Cuvet
67
Examples of cuvet
Etched
Square cuvette
Scratched optical surface
Alumina silica
Glass cuvette
Quartz
68
Most commonly used cuvet
Alumina silica
69
Cuvet with less error from lens effect
Square cuvette
70
Cuvet that scatters light
Scratched optical surfaces
71
Cuvet for visible range but absorbs UV
Glass cuvettes
72
Cuvet for UV radiation
Quartz
73
Low absorbance is equal to ____ transmittance
High
74
High absorbance is equal to ____ transmittance
Low
75
Unknown substance is directly proportional to absorbed light and inversely proportional to transmitted light
Beer's law
76
High concentration is equal to ____ absorbance
High
77
The absorbance increases exponentially with an increase in the light path
Lambert law
78
It detects and converts transmitted light to electrical energy
Photodectector
79
The most common type of photodetector and has an excellent sensitivity
Photomultiplier tube
80
It should never be exposed to room light because it will burn out
Photomultiplier tube
81
Simplest detector. It requires no external voltage source
Barrier cell/Photocell/Photovoltaic Cell
82
It differs in that an outside voltage is required for operation
Phototube
83
Respond to a specific wavelength UV/visible
Photodiode
84
Designed with _________photodiodes that are arranged in linear fashion
256-2048
85
Displays output result
Meter or readout device
86
Simplest type of beam. One measurement at a time.
Single beam spectrophotometer
87
Permit automatic correction of sample and reference absorbance
Double Beam spectrophotometer
88
Use two photodetectors
Double Beam in space
89
Use one photodetector
Double Beam in time
90
A solution consisting of all the components of a reaction except the analyte
Blank
91
It has no sample.
Contains the same reagents used for the test.
Adjust the spectrophotometer to 100% transmittance.
No correction for interfering chromogen or lipemia.
Reagent blank
92
Remedy in blanking technique.
Ultracentrifuge
93
Serum with Reagent. For correcting absorbance caused by reagents color and hemoglobin.
Turbidity by lipid is not corrected.
Blanking technique
94
It removes turbidity
Ultracentrifuge
95
It is used to subtract the intrinsic absorbance of the sample usually caused by hemolysis, icterus, turbidity, or drug interference
Sample blank
96
It has its first Reagent.
It has no Reagent for color development.
Sample blank
97
Measure the light emitted by a single atom burned in a flame.
Flame emission photometry
98
Flame color from hottest to least hot
Blue
White
Yellow
Orange
Red
99
Hottest flame color
Blue
100
Flame color of sodium
Yellow
101
Flame color of potassium
Violet
102
Flame color of lithium/rubidium
Red
103
Flame color of magnesium/copper
Blue
104
Internal standard in FEP
Lithium and Cesium
105
Doesn't create color reaction
Unexcited molecule
106
No color reaction
Dissociation
107
Light intensity of atoms that are emitting energy
Concentration
108
Measures light absorbed by atoms dissociated by heat
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
109
Bring the metal analyte from molecular form into its Atomic form at ground state.
It accepts the sample/cuvet
Flame
110
Unexcited Trace Metals
"CaCoMa LeAlLi Zinc"
Calcium
Copper
Magnesium
Lead
Aluminum
Lithium
Zinc
111
Most common burner
Premix long path burner
112
Uses electricity to break the chemical bonds instead of flame.
Flameless AAS
113
Used in increased sensitivity for atomic emission
Inductively Coupled Plasma
114
Periodic table of elements assay
ICP + MS
115
Controls light intensity
Attenuator
116
Selects wavelength that is best absorbed by the solution
Primary filter
117
Detects fluorescing sample
Detector
118
Most frequently used sources of excitation radiant energy
Gas discharge lamp (mercury & xenon arc)
119
Most spectrofluorometers use a:
High pressure xenon lamp
120
Measure amount of light intensity emitted by a molecule after excitation by electromagnetic radiation
Fluorometry/Molecular Luminescence Spectrophotometry
121
______ more sensitive than spectrophotometer
1000x
122
Disadvantage of fluorometry
Quenching effect
123
Temperature in fluorometry should not be:
High temperature
124
pH in fluorometry should not be:
Acidic
125
Widely used for the detection of therapeutic and abused drugs
Fluorescence Polarization
126
Enhance of chemiluminescence
Enzyme (Bioluminescence)
127
It is more sensitive than fluorometry
Chemiluminescence
128
Emission of light is created from a chemical or electrochemical reaction. No excitation, no monochromator.
Chemiluminescence
129
Reducing agents are:
Donors
130
Oxidizing agents are:
Acceptor
131
It speeds up chemical reactions.
Enzyme
132
Light blocked by a particle in a solution
Turbidimetry
133
Turbidimetry is dependent on:
Concentration and Size
134
For measuring abundant large particles
Turbidimetry
135
It determines the amount of scattered light
Nephelometry
136
It is more sensitive than turbidimetry
Nephelometry
137
For measuring antigen-antibody complexes
Nephelometry
138
Nephelometry depends on:
Wavelength and particle size
139
Macromolecules > Wavelength measures the:
Forward angle
140
Application of laser lights
Coulter counter
141
More sensitive than spectrophotometer
Laser lights
142
Narrow spectral width and small crossed sectional area with low divergence. The determination of structure and identification of samples.
Laser lights
143
pH where protein has no net charge
Isoelectric point
144
A molecule, such as protein, whose net charge can be either positive or negative due to amino acid.
Ampholyte
145
What pH does proteins migrate and divide
pH 8.6
146
Migration of small ions
Iontophoresis
147
Electrophoresis of proteins from fastest to slowest:
Albumin
A1 globulin
A2 globulin
Beta globulin
Gamma globulin
148
Migration of charged macromolecules
Zone electrophoresis
149
Migration of charged particles in electrophoresis
Towards anode
150
In capillary electrophoresis, molecules are separated by:
Electro osmotic flow
151
In capillary electrophoresis, a charge that moves faster
Positive charge
152
In capillary electrophoresis, a charge that moves slower
Negative charge
153
A separation is performed in narrow bore fused silica capillaries
Capillary electrophoresis
154
Separate proteins into as many as 12 zones
High resolution protein electrophoresis
155
Ideal for separating proteins of identical size but with different net charge
Isoelectric focusing
156
In isoelectric focusing, molecules migrate thru a:
pH gradient
157
Components of electrophoresis
Driving force
Support medium
Buffer
Sample
Detecting system
158
Separates the charge and molecular size
Starch gel
159
Separates by molecular size used in isoelectric focusing
Cellulose acetate
160
Neutral, does not bind to protein and separates by electrical charge
Agarose gel
161
Neutral, separates by charge and size, separates protein into 20 fractions. It is for isoenzymes
Polyacrylamide gel
162
Measures absorbance of stain. Scan and quantitate electrophoretic pattern.
Densitometry
163
Specimen for high protein concentration and must be diluted
Serum
164
Specimen for low protein and concentrated
Urine and CSF
165
Specimen for no concentration
Hemoglobin hemolysate
166
Used for CSF proteins
Silver nitrate
167
Used for lipoprotein
Fat red 7b and oil red O
168
Used for lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes.
Nitrotetrazolium blue
169
Separation of soluble components in a solution
Chromatography
170
Distance leading edge of component moves/total distance of solvent
Retention Factor (RF) Factor
171
Chromatography for sugar and amino acid
Paper chromatography (Whatman paper)
172
Chromatography for drug screening
Thin layer chromatography (silica gel or alumina)
173
Gold standard for drug testing
GC-MS
174
How many days should the test be challenged after receipt of the result through GC-MS
15 days
175
Detects 20 inborn errors of metabolism
MS/MS Tandem Mass spectrometry
176
Most widely used. It uses pressure for fast separations.
HPLC
177
Uses of HPLC
Rapid HbA1c and Hb disease
178
Test use in volumetric
Scales and scales method (Chloride test)
179
Volumetric formula
Unknown sample + known sample + indicator
180
Measurement of osmolality or concentration
Osmometry
181
Osmotic particles
Glucose
Urea nitrogen
Sodium
Ethanol
Alcohol
182
Colligative properties of solution
Osmotic pressure
Boiling point
Freezing point
Vapor pressure
183
Most commonly used method for measuring the changes in colligative properties in a solution.
Freezing point
184
Reference solution in osmometry
Sodium chloride
185
How many degrees does the freezing point be lowered by:
-1.86 °C
186
Vapor pressure is lowered by:
0.3 mmHg or Torr
187
How many degrees does the boiling point raised by:
0.52 °C
188
Indirectly indicates the presence of osmotically active substances
Osmolal gap
189
The difference between the measured osmolality and the calculated osmolality
Osmolal gap
190
Formula of osmolal gap
Measured osmolality - calculated osmolality
191
True or false:
FaVor is inversely proportional to osmolality
True
192
True or false:
FaVor increases while osmotic pressure decreases
False
*FaVor decreases while osmotic pressure increases
193
True or false:
BP & OP is inversely proportional to osmolality
False
*BP & OP is directly proportional to osmolality
194
True or false:
BP & OP increases, osmolality increases
True
195
Measurement of current or voltage generated by activity of specific ion
Electrochemistry techniques
196
A type of potentiometric, ion-selective electrode, used to separate membrane from sample solution
ISE Membrane
197
NH4+ analysis
No action & monactin
198
Electrolyte in glass aluminum silicate
Sodium
199
Electrolyte in antibiotic valinomycin gel
Potassium
200
Electrolyte in dioctylphenyl phosphate
Calcium
201
Test for pO2
Clarke electrode
202
Test for glucose
Glucose oxidase
203
Measures the amount of current produced through the oxidation or reduction of the substance to be measured at an electrode held at a fixed potential
Amperometry
204
Uses in potentiometry
pH and pCO2
205
Reference electrode of potentiometry
Calomel or Silver-silver chloride
206
Electrode for pCO2
Severinghaus
207
Equation use for pH
Nernst equation
208
Use in coulometry
Chloride coulometer
209
It is based on Faraday's law.
A number of equivalent weights of a reactant oxidized or reduced is directly proportional to the quantity of electricity used in the reaction
Coulometry
210
It is based on polarography.
Trace metal ions in the solution are reduced and plated onto anodic electrodes.
Metal stripped off anode.
For the analysis of lead
Anodic stripping voltammetry
211
Voltage at which sharp rise in current occurs characteristic of the electrochemical reaction involved
Polarography
212
It is the measurement of difference in current at a constant voltage
Polarography
