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Carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a monomer?

A

building blocks of polymer

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2
Q

what is polymer?

A

giant molecule made from monomer

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3
Q

Building polymer from monomer by ——- reaction

A

Condensation

removal of water

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4
Q

General formula of carbohydrates

A

CH2O

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5
Q

Types of carbohydrates

A

1)monosaccharides-simple sugars
2)disaccharides- 2 monosaccharides
3)Oligosaccharides- less than 20 monosaccharides
4)Polysaccharides- above 20 monosaccharides

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6
Q

Monosaccharides are soluble in _____ and insoluble in ______

A

water

organic solvent

*POLAR COMPOUNDS

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7
Q

Common hexoses are

A

glucose
galactose
fractose

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8
Q

Common pentoses are

A

ribose
deoxyribose

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9
Q

Monosaccharides can be _____ or ______

A

Ketone- carbonyl gp(C=O) inside the chain

Aldehyde-carbonyl go at the end of the chain

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10
Q

Both aldose and ketoses are _____ sugars

A

reducing sugar

Benedict’s test(CuSO4 sol)နဲ့စမ်းရင်အရောင်းပြောင်း

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11
Q

When glucose is in ring form, which carbon atoms are joined?

A

Carbon 1 joined to oxygen of carbon 5

Carbon 6 is outside the ring

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12
Q

Monosaccharides molecules contains one _____ gp and many _____ gp

A

one C=O gp (carbonyl)

many -OH gp (hydroxyl)

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13
Q

How can we differentiate alpha glucose and beta glucose?

A

by position of -OH gp at carbon 1

if the -OH gp below the ring is alpha glucose

if -OH go above the ring, it is beta sugar

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14
Q

Alpha glucose and beta glucose are_____

A

isomers

alpha glucose-glycogen
beta glucose-cellulose

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15
Q

Glucose is the building block of _____

A

1)glycogen-alpha glucose
2)starch-alpha glucose
3)cellulose-beta glucose

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16
Q

Functions of monosaccharides

A

1)cellular respiration (CH bondsတွေအများကြီးပါလို့breakdownလုပ်ရင်energyအများကြီးထွက်)

2)building blocks for polymers

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17
Q

Ribose is the monomer of____

A

RNA
ATP

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18
Q

Deoxyribose is the monomer of ____

A

DNA

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19
Q

How disaccharides are formed?

A

2 monosaccharides joined by GLYCOSIDIC BOND (carbon 1 and carbon 4)

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20
Q

maltose is formed by binding of ______

A

two alpha-glucose

(malt sugar)

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21
Q

Sucrose is formed by binding of ____

A

alpha glucose + beta fructose

(table sugar,cane sugar,transport sugar in plants)

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22
Q

Lactose is formed by binding of ______

A

alpha glucose + beta galactose

(milk sugar)

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23
Q

Disaccharides can be breakdown into monosaccharides by ______

A

hydrolysis reaction (addition of water)

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24
Q

Maltose and lactose are ______ sugars

A

reducing

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25
Bond in maltose
alpha 1,4 glycosidic bond
26
Bond in sucrose
alpha 1,4 glycosidic bond
27
Bond in lactose
beta 1,4 glycosidic bond
28
Polysaccharides are sugar. True or False?
False
29
Is sucrose reducing sugar?
No
30
_____ is used in Benedict’s test
Copper(II)sulfate in alkaline solution (blue)
31
If sample contains reducing sugar,CuSO4 color is changed into _____
blue—->brick red ppt
32
If sample contains 0.1% of glucose,CuSO4 color is changed into _____
blue—->green
33
If sample contains 1% of glucose,CuSO4 color is changed into _____
blue——>yellow
34
If sample contains 10% of glucose,CuSO4 color is changed into _____
blue——>red
35
If sample contains excess glucose,CuSO4 color is changed into _____
blue—->brick red or brown
36
How polysaccharides are formed?
joining many monosaccharides by GLYCOSIDIC BONDS
37
What are storage polysaccharides?
Starch in plants Glycogen in animals
38
Why glucose can’t be stored for energy
-glucose is soluble so it can effects osmotic activity -it is also very reactive
39
Starch is a mixture of _____ and _____
amylose(25%) amylopectin(75%)
40
Amylose is formed by joining of many_____
alpha glucose
41
Bond in amylose
alpha 1,4 glycosidic bond
42
Is amylose branched?
No amylose is a long,unbranched chain coiled up into helical structures
43
Amylopectin is formed by joining of many____
alpha glucose
44
bond in amylopectin
alpha 1,4 glycosidic bond alpha 1,6 glycosidic bond
45
Is amylopectin branched?
Yes amylopectin is short chain and branched by 1,6 linkage
46
Starch are stored in _____
chloroplasts legumes tubers seeds
47
Is starch contain in animal cells?
No
48
Is starch can be digest in human?
Yes b/c starch is the polymer of alpha glucose and human contains enzyme that can digest alpha glucose
49
How glycogen is formed?
joining of many alpha glucose
50
Bonds in glycogen
Alpha 1,4 glycosidic bond alpha 1,6 glycosidic bond
51
What is difference b/w amylose and amylopectin?
amylose is long,unbranched chain amylopectin is short,branched chain
52
What is difference b/w amylopectin and glycogen?
Glycogen is more branched than amylopectin (can hydrolyzed easily b/c of more branches)
53
Glycogen is mainly stored in _____ cells
liver and muscle
54
The presence of starch can be tested by ____ sol
iodine (orange brown—->blue-black)
55
Structural polysaccharides in plant
cellulose
56
Cellulose is formed by ____
joining of many beta glucose
57
Bond in cellulose
Beta glycosidic bond
58
Is cellulose branched?
No
59
Why cellulose have very high strength?
polymer of beta-glucose Beta-glucoseမှာဆိုcarbon 1 ရဲ့-OH gpကringအပေါ်မှာရှိ carbon 4ရဲ့OH gpကringအောက်မှာရှိ molecule 2လုံးupside downပေါင်းထား—->ကျန်တဲ့OH gpကH တွေကကပ်လျက်ကOကိုhydrogen bondနဲ့လှမ်းပေါင်းထားလို့
60
About 60-70 cellulose are bound to formed____
microfibrils which in turn held together by HYDROGEN BOND into fibers
61
Cellulose fibers have very high_____ and _____ permeable
tensile strength freely permeable
62
How dipole is formed?
formed b/w covalent bond When electronegativity elements attract shared paired of electrons to its side. The element with less electronegativity becomes partial positive charge and more electronegativity becomes partial negative charge.
63
Molecules with the dipole are called____
polar coumpound
64
Polar compounds are soluble in water.Why?
by forming hydrogen bond(water is also polar) They are known as hydrophilic
65
Molecules which do not dipole are called ____
non polar molecules
66
Non-polar molecules are not soluble in water.Why ?
They can’t formed hydrogen bond with water molecules These are called hydrophobic molecules
67
How glucose and fructose differ?
Glucose is aldose sugar Fructose is ketose sugar (differ in position of C=O gp)
68
How glucose and ribose differ?
Ribose is pentose sugar(C=5) Glucose is hexose sugar(C=6)
69
Structural polysaccharide in arthropods is called_____
chitin
70
How chitin and cellulose differ?
Both are polymer of beta glucose but chitin has nitrogen-containing attachments
71
Polymer of alpha glucose
Starch-amylose,amylopectin Glycogen
72
Polymer of beta glucose are _____ polysaccharides and examples
Structural polysaccharides Cellulose Chitin
73
How are complex molecules formed?
Complex molecules are formed by building smaller monomers by reactions called dehydration synthesis reaction. Requires energy.
74
How are polymers broken down?
By hydrolysis reaction. Releases energy
75
What is the outer skeleton of insects made of?
Made of chitin, a unique nitrogen containing polysaccharide
76
What is the formula of carbohydrate molecule?
(CH20)n C-Carbon H20-hydrate
77
How many carbon atoms are there in a monosaccharide? What are monosaccharides?
3 to 7 carbon atoms. Simplest form of carbohydrates cannot be broken down into simpler units .
78
How many categories are there in a monosaccharide
Two. Aldose and ketose
79
Glucose and mannose Glucose and galactose Name the anomeric carbon.
Glucose and mannose are epimers at C2. Glucose and galactose are epimers at C4 Glucose’s no 3 carbon ——> OH-C-H Fructose’s anomeric carbon - C2.
80
What are disaccharides. Give examples.
Composed of two monosaccharide units, Sucrose- glucose+ fructose. (Alpha1,2 glycosidic bond) Lactose-glucose and galactose. (Beta 1,4 glycosidic bond) Maltose- 2 glucose. (Alpha 1,4 glycosidic bond)
81
Name the bond between disaccharides or polyssacharrides?
Glycosidic bond
82
Describe the composition of starch.
Amylose and amylopectin Amylose - unbranched- alpha 1,4 glycosidic bond Amylopectin-branched- alpha 1,6 glycosidic bond
83
Where is Starch stored in plants?
Starch is stored in plastids within chloroplasts. Plants absorb energy to make glucose, excess is stored as starch in roots and seeds, from which they germinate as fruits
84
What enzyme is used to break down starch?
Amylose
85
What structure is glycogen similar in structure?
Similar to amylopectin but highly branched.
86
When the blood glucose level is down, starch is broken down to release energy . True or false?
False. Starch present only in plants, consumed by people When glucose is low, glycogen is broken down by glycogenolysis to supply glucose
87
Where are cellulose present and what bonds are composed in cellulose ?
Cellulose is present in cell walls of the plants and made of beta 1,4 glycosidic bond
88
What are fungi cell walls made up of?
Fungi cell walls are made up of chitin instead of cellulose. Fungi are not classified as plants. They are in the domain Eukarya. But they do not have chloroplasts. Chitin- repeating units of N acetyl d glucosamine
89
Can cellulose be digested by mammals?
Human do not contain enzymes that can digest beta 1,4 linkages . Therefore, vegetables bulk up and prevent constipation in the intestine
90
What is the main form of storage carbohydrate in animals? Is it soluble in water?
Glycogen No. Glycogen has many branches so can be easily broken down into energy Main storage fuel in blood - glucose ( soluble in water )
91
How is amylopectin formed?
By joining alpha 1,4 and alpha 1,6 glycosidic bonds. Has many branches so can be broken down easily . Amylose- fibrous amylopectin- spherical Both are soluble but way too large to be soluble in water
92
What is the Benedict’s test
The ability of some sugar to carry out reduction. Many sugars are reducing sugar ( SUCROSE NON-REDUCING SUGAR). Benedict’s test - blue to red changed
93
Why is glucose converted to polysaccharides?
If glucose accumulates in the cell, it would affect the osmotic properties of the cell.
94
Are carbohydrates polar?
Yes. Presence of O-H groups . Sugar soluble in water. Monosaccharides and disaccharides are soluble in water But starch, glycogen and cellulose are poorly soluble in water.

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