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biochem lec > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

“Hydrates of carbon”

A

Carbohydrates

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2
Q

Molecular formula of Carbohydrates

A

(CH2O)n

Now known that not all carbohydrates obey this rule

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3
Q

Carbohydrates, are substances that gives these compounds on
hydrolysis.

A

polyhydroxyaldehyde or polyhydroxyketone

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4
Q

Aldehyde compound with a lot of hydroxyl
group in the chain

A

Polyhydroxyaldehyde

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5
Q

Most abundant biomolecules on earth

A

CARBOHYDRATES

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6
Q

Many of the carbon atoms to which OH groups are attached are _________

A

chiral centers

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6
Q

Ketone compound with a lot of hydroxyl
group in the chain

A

Polyhydroxyketone

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7
Q

Stereoisomers found

A

Carbohydrates

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8
Q

Biomedical Importance

Have important _________ and ________ roles

A

structural and metabolic

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9
Q

Biomedical Importance

is the most important carbohydrate

A

Glucose

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10
Q

Biomedical Importance

Dietary carbohydrate is absorbed into the blood stream as _______

A

glucose

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11
Q

Biomedical Importance

_______ is the major metabolic fuel

A

Glucose

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12
Q

Biomedical Importance

Major source of energy in cell

A

Glucose

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13
Q

Biomedical Importance

What percent of energy comes from carbohydrates

A

75%

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14
Q

Biomedical Importance

1 g lipid =

A

9 k.calories

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14
Q

Biomedical Importance

1 g CHO =

A

4 k.calories

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15
Q

Biomedical Importance

Cell membrane components:

A

glycolipid & glycoprotein

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16
Q

Biomedical Importance

Form structural tissues in plants and in microbes:

A
  • cellulose
  • chitin
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17
Q

Biomedical Importance

______ is the precursor for synthesis of all other carbohydrates in the body

A

Glucose

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18
Q

Biomedical Importance

Glucose is stored as ________ in animals, and _____ in plants

A
  • glycogen
  • starch
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19
Q

Biomedical Importance

________ and ______ in nucleic acids

A

Ribose and deoxyribose

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20
Q

Biomedical Importance

Describe the mechanism of some diseases to ________ (diabetes, lactose intolerance, glycogen storage disease, galactosemia, etc.)

A

carbohydrates intake

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21
Q

Biomedical Importance

Carbohydrates are classified into 4 groups:

A
  • monosaccharide
  • disaccharide
  • oligosaccharide
  • polysaccharide
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22
Q

Biomedical Importance

________ are crystalline solids, soluble in water but insoluble in nonpolar solvents

A

Monosaccharides

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23
Q

A carbohydrate that cannot be hydrolyzed to a
simpler carbohydrate.

A

MONOSACCHARIDES

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24
Q

MONOSACCHARIDES

means sugar

A

Saccharide

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25
Q

A polymer with monomeric units that make up the
larger ones.

A

MONOSACCHARIDES

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26
Q

MONOSACCHARIDES

Monosaccharides have the general formula ________, where n varies from 3 to 8

A

CnH2nOn

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27
Q

A monosaccharide containing an aldehyde
group (terminal)

A

Aldose

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28
Q

A monosaccharide containing a ketone group
(middle)

A

Ketose

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29
Q

Monosaccharides

The suffix ____ indicates that a molecule is a
carbohydrate

A

-ose

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30
Q

Monosaccharides

The prefixes tri-, tetra-, penta- and so forth indicate the number of _________ in the chain.

A

carbon atoms

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31
Q

Monosaccharides

There are only two trioses:

A

glyceraldehyde (aldotriose) and dihydroxyacetone (ketotriose)

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32
Q

Monosaccharides

Often aldo- and keto- are _______ and these compounds are referred to simply as trioses

A

omitted

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33
Q

Monosaccharides

Glyceraldehyde, the simplest aldose, contains _______ and exists as a pair of _________.

A
  • one stereocenter
  • enantiomers
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34
Q

MONOSACCHARIDES

In ketone, assign it with a lower number; it is Carbon 2 or C2

BASED ON THE PLACEMENT OF CARBONYL GROUP

A

Internal functional group

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34
Q

MONOSACCHARIDES

In aldose, It is only found at the end of the carbon chain. Hence, it is always called as Carbon 1 or C1.

BASED ON THE PLACEMENT OF CARBONYL GROUP

A

Terminal functional group

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35
Q

MONOSACCHARIDES

The Naturally Occurring Glyceraldehyde

A

D-glyceraldehyde

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36
Q

MONOSACCHARIDES

For the sugars, the _______ are the ones that are naturally occurring unlike amino acids where the L-isomers are the naturally occurring ones

A

D-isomers

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36
Q

MONOSACCHARIDES

A two-dimensional representation for
showing the configuration of tetrahedral stereocenters.

A

Fischer projection

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37
Q

MONOSACCHARIDES

________ represent bonds
projecting forward from the stereocenter.

FISCHER PROJECTION

A

Horizontal lines

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38
Q

MONOSACCHARIDES

_______ represent bonds projecting to the rear

FISCHER PROJECTION

A

Vertical lines

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39
Q

MONOSACCHARIDES

Only the _______ is in the plane.

A

stereocenter

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40
Q

MONOSACCHARIDES

In 1891, ________ made the arbitrary assignments of D- and L- to the enantiomers of glyceraldehyde.

(specific rotation +/- 13.5)

A

Emil Fischer

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41
Q

MONOSACCHARIDES

the -OH on its penultimate carbon is on the right in a Fischer projection

A

D-monosaccharide

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42
Q

MONOSACCHARIDES

the -OH on its penultimate carbonis on the left in a Fischer projection.

A

L-monosaccharide

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43
Q

MONOSACCHARIDES

The most common D-tetroses:

A
  • D-Erythrose
  • D-Threose
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44
Q

MONOSACCHARIDES

The most common D-pentose

A
  • D-ribose
  • 2-Deoxy-D-ribose
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45
Q

MONOSACCHARIDES

contains 6 to 10 monosaccharide
units

A

Oligosaccharides

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45
Q

MONOSACCHARIDES

contains larger number of
monosaccharide units.

A

Polysaccharides

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46
Q

MONOSACCHARIDES

there are different monosaccharides that make it up

A

heteropolysaccharides

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46
Q

MONOSACCHARIDES

is when you only have one
type of monosaccharide

A

homopolysaccharide

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47
Q

MONOSACCHARIDES

Humans can only absorb __________ (not polymers)

A

monosaccharides

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48
Q

MONOSACCHARIDES

In the intestines, there are specific ______ that can cut the bonds to liberate monosaccharides (then we absorb these)

A

enzymes

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49
Q

MONOSACCHARIDES

In lactose intolerance, there is no enzyme that can liberate the monomers of ______ or there is defective or downgraded expression of ______ where lactose can never be absorbed the intestines (where nutrients are absorbed)

A
  • lactose
  • lactase
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50
Q

MONOSACCHARIDES

is a disaccharide with glucose and
galactose together

A

lactose

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51
Q

MONOSACCHARIDES

is the enzyme in the intestines that
cleaves lactose when lactose is not fully degrades by other digestive enzymes

A

lactase

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52
Q

MONOSACCHARIDES

After lactose passes through the small intestine, it goes through the colon where there is _______ that
receives lactose as their food

A

bacteria

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53
Q

MONOSACCHARIDES

Bacteria metabolizes lactose and degrade it and the consequence is the bacteria that degraded lactose
will form a lot of ____

A

gas

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54
Q

MONOSACCHARIDES

Then, the other food that should have been absorbed will be joined together with the gas hence the reason for _______ in lactose intolerant people

A

diarrhea

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55
Q

MONOSACCHARIDES

fructose and galactose can also be absorbed in their monomeric forms but they are water soluble, they pass by the _____

A

liver

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56
Q

MONOSACCHARIDES

when fructose and galactose pass by the liver, the liver will convert them
into ______

A

glucose

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57
Q

MONOSACCHARIDES

are mirror images who face each other like mirrors

A

Enantiomers

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58
Q

MONOSACCHARIDES

Is the chiral carbon which is
farthest from the carbonyl group/carbonyl carbon (C=O)

A

Penultimate carbon

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59
Q

MONOSACCHARIDES

rotates the plane of polarized light clockwise

A

Dextrorotatory (D)

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60
Q

MONOSACCHARIDES

rotates the plane of polarized
light counterclockwise

A

Levorotatory (L)

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61
Q

MONOSACCHARIDES

three most common D-hexoses are:

A
  • D-Glucose
  • D-Galactose
  • D-Glucosamine
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62
Q

MONOSACCHARIDES

a derived amino sugar because you have an amino group (NH2) instead of a hydroxyl group (OH)

A

D-Glucosamine

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63
Q

MONOSACCHARIDES

can form nice crystals because of the symmetry
of the internal structure

A

D-Galactose

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64
Q

AMINO SUGARS

Amino sugars contain an ____ in place of an -OH group.

A

-NH2

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64
Q

Amino Sugars

Only three amino sugars are common in nature:

A
  • D-glucosamine
  • D-mannosamine
  • D-galactosamine
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65
Q

Amino Sugars

is an acetylated derivative of D-glucosamine.

A

N-acetyl-D-glucosamine

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66
Q

Amino Sugars

C-2 stereoisomer of D-glucosamine

A

D-Mannosamine

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67
Q

Amino Sugars

C-4 stereoisomer of D-glucosamine

A

D-Galactosamine

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68
Q

Amino Sugars

These form part of the joints and make them flexible

A

Amino sugars

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69
Q

Cyclic Structure

In the cells, aldehydes and ketones are in ____ forms

A

cyclic

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70
Q

Cyclic Structure

Aldehydes and ketones react with alcohols to form
_________

A

hemiacetals

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71
Q

Cyclic Structure

Cyclic hemiacetals form readily when _______ and ______ are part of the same molecule and their interaction can form a five- or six- membered ring.

A

hydroxyl and carbonyl groups

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71
Q

Cyclic Structure

________ has a functional group of a carbon bonded to one —OH group and one —OR group

A

Hemiacetals

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72
Q

Cyclic Structure

The open chain form exists in equilibrium with the cyclic hemiacetal forms in ________

A

aqueous solutions

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73
Q

Cyclic Structure

Hemiacetals can react further with alcohols to form ______

A

acetals

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73
Q

Cyclic Structure

All steps in hemiacetal and acetal formation are
_______

A

reversible

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74
Q

Cyclic Structure

there is a formation of a new bond

A

Nucleophilic addition (AN)

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74
Q

Cyclic Structure

Hemiacetal formation in carbohydrates generate another _______ (anomeric carbon).

A

stereocenter

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75
Q

Cyclic Structure

chains are closed to form cyclic forms

A

Nucleophilic addition (AN)

75
Q

Cyclic Structure

a 5 carbon structure with a carbonyl group

A

4-Hydroxypentanal

76
Q

Cyclic Structure

the penultimate hydroxyl 4-Hydroxypenatal in is there as the _________

A

nucleophile

77
Q

HAWORTH PROJECTIONS

Named after English chemist Sir _________
(Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1937)

A

Walter N. Haworth

78
Q

HAWORTH PROJECTIONS

A way to view _______ and _______ forms of
monosaccharides

A

furanose and pyranose

79
Q

HAWORTH PROJECTIONS

The ring is drawn flat and viewed through its edge, with the anomeric carbon on the ____ and the oxygen atom to the _____.

A
  • right
  • rear
80
Q

HAWORTH PROJECTIONS

monosaccharides that differ in configuration only at their anomeric carbons

A

Anomers

80
Q

HAWORTH PROJECTIONS

______ and ______ cannot be done if it is just Fischer projections

A

beta and alpha

81
Q

HAWORTH PROJECTIONS

2 cyclic hemiacetals formed by D-glucose

A
  • B-D-Glucopyranose
  • a-D-Glucopyranose
81
Q

HAWORTH PROJECTIONS

the —OH on the anomeric carbon lies on the same side of the ring as the terminal –CH2OH (oriented upwards)

A

beta anomer

82
Q

HAWORTH PROJECTIONS

the –OH on the anomeric carbon is opposite the terminal –CH2OH (oriented downwards)

A

alpha anomer

83
Q

HAWORTH PROJECTIONS

It is called a pyranose because
β-D-Glucopyranose and
α-D-Glucopyranose follow the _______

A

pyran ring

83
Q

A five- or six- membered cyclic hemiacetal is represented as a planar ring, lying roughly perpendicular
to the plane of the paper.

A

Haworth Projections

84
Q

HAWORTH PROJECTIONS

The new carbon stereocenter created in forming the cyclic structure is called the _______

A

anomeric carbon

85
Q

HAWORTH PROJECTIONS

Groups bonded to the carbons of the ring then lie either above or below the ____ of the ring.

A

plane

86
Q

HAWORTH PROJECTIONS

The anomeric carbon of an aldose is ___; that of the most common ketose is ___

A
  • C-1
  • C-2
87
Q

HAWORTH PROJECTIONS

six-membered hemiacetal ring

A

Pyranose

88
Q

HAWORTH PROJECTIONS

five-membered hemiacetal ring

A

Furanose

89
Q

HAWORTH PROJECTIONS

also form cyclic hemiacetals

A

Aldopentoses

90
Q

HAWORTH PROJECTIONS

The most prevalent forms of D-ribose and other pentoses in the biological world are _______

A

furanoses

90
Q

HAWORTH PROJECTIONS

The prefix “deoxy” means

A

“without oxygen”.

91
Q

HAWORTH PROJECTIONS

also forms a
five-membered cyclic hemiacetal

A

D-Fructose

(a 2-ketohexose)

92
Q

HAWORTH PROJECTIONS

In D-fructose, ____ becomes the anomeric carbon

A

C2

93
Q

HAWORTH PROJECTIONS

In D- fructose, C1 and C6 are ______

A

outside

94
Q

CHAIR CONFORMATIONS

For ______, the six-membered ring is more accurately represented as strain-free chair conformation

A

pyranoses

95
Q

CHAIR CONFORMATIONS

Beta is more ____ than alpha

A

stable

96
Q

CHAIR CONFORMATIONS

In both Haworth projections and chair conformations, the orientations of groups on carbons 1-5 of β-D-glucopyranose are up, down, up, down and up, and all are ______.

A

equatorial

97
Q

CHAIR CONFORMATIONS

__________ predominate in aqueous solutions because the –OH group on the anomeric carbon of glucopyranoses are in the more stable equatorial position.

A

Beta-anomers

98
Q

Anomerism between beta and alpha

A

MUTAROTATION

99
Q

MUTAROTATION

Another type of stereoisomerism, showing only the difference in _______ of the substituents

A

orientation

100
Q

MUTAROTATION

The change in _________ that accompanies the equilibration of α- and β- anomers in aqueous solution.

A

specific rotation

101
Q

MUTAROTATION

When either a-D-glucose or b-D-glucose is dissolved in water, the specific rotation of the solution
gradually changes to an equilibrium value of _______, which corresponds to ____ beta and ______ alpha forms.

A
  • +52.7°
  • 64%
  • 36%
102
Q

CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES

Treatment of a monosaccharide, all of which exists almost exclusively in cyclic hemiacetal forms, with an
alcohol gives an ______.

Formation of Glycosides

A

acetal

103
Q

CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES

Predominant substituent is _____

FORMATION OF GLYCOSIDES (ACETALS)

A

OCH3

103
Q

CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES

There is another alcohol group and the most susceptible is the _________

FORMATION OF GLYCOSIDES (ACETALS)

A

anomeric carbon

104
Q

CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES

a cyclic acetal derived from a monosaccharide

FORMATION OF GLYCOSIDES (ACETALS)

A

Glycoside

105
Q

CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES

are stable in water and aqueous base, but like other acetals, are hydrolyzed in aqueous acid to an alcohol and a monosaccharide

FORMATION OF GLYCOSIDES (ACETALS)

A

Glycoside

106
Q

CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES

are named by listing the alkyl or aryl group bonded to oxygen followed by the name of the carbohydrate in which the ending -e is replaced by -ide

FORMATION OF GLYCOSIDES (ACETALS)

A

Glycoside

107
Q

CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES

the bond from the anomeric carbon to
the -OR group

FORMATION OF GLYCOSIDES (ACETALS)

A

Glycosidic bond

108
Q

CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES

Mutarotation is not possible for a glycoside because an acetal, unlike a hemiacetal, is not in _______ with the open-chain carbonyl containing compound.

FORMATION OF GLYCOSIDES (ACETALS)

A

equilibrium

109
Q

CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES

The glucose aldehyde portion (CHO) is reduced to a primary alcohol group (CH2OH) which is now called

REDUCTION TO ALDITOLS

A

glucitol or sorbitol
(generic term)

110
Q

CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES

The carbonyl group of a monosaccharide can be reduced to an hydroxyl group by a variety of reducing agents, including _____ and ______ in the presence of a transition metal catalyst ______.

REDUCTION TO ALDITOLS

A
  • NaBH4 and H2
  • H2/Pt
111
Q

CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES

The products formed when the CHO group of a monosaccharide is reduced to a CH2OH group

REDUCTION TO ALDITOLS

A

Alditol

112
Q

CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES

They are named by changing the suffix -ose to -itol

REDUCTION TO ALDITOLS

A

Alditol

113
Q

CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES

used as replacements for sugar content (high sweetness but low calorie)

REDUCTION TO ALDITOLS

A

Alditol

114
Q

CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES

Sources of hydrogen:

REDUCTION TO ALDITOLS

A
  • NaBH4
  • LiAlH4
115
Q

CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES

is used as a reducing
agent for aldehydes and ketones

REDUCTION TO ALDITOLS

A

NaBH4 (sodium borohydride)

116
Q

CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES

is used for the
reduction of carboxylic acid and its derivatives

REDUCTION TO ALDITOLS

A

LiAlH4 (lithium aluminum hydride)

117
Q

CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES

sugar substitute for diabetics

REDUCTION TO ALDITOLS

A

Sorbitol

118
Q

CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES

sweetening agent in “sugarless” gums

REDUCTION TO ALDITOLS

A

Xylitol

119
Q

CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES

is found in the plant world in many berries, in cherries, plums, pears, apples, seaweed and algae

REDUCTION TO ALDITOLS

A

Sorbitol

120
Q

CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES

It is about 60% as sweet as sucrose (table sugar) and is used in the manufacture of candies and as a sugar substitute for diabetics.

REDUCTION TO ALDITOLS

A

Sorbitol

121
Q

CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES

These three alditols are also common in the biological
world

REDUCTION TO ALDITOLS

A
  • Erythritol
  • D-Mannitol
  • Xylitol

Note that only one of these is chiral.

122
Q

CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES

C1 oxidized to COOH (carboxylic acid)

OXIDATION TO ALDONIC ACIDS

A

Aldonic acid

123
Q

CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES

C6 can be oxidized to (COOH)
carboxylic acid

OXIDATION TO ALDONIC ACIDS

A

Alduronic acid

124
Q

CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES

In Aldolic acid:
glucose to ________

OXIDATION TO ALDONIC ACIDS

A

gluconic acid

125
Q

CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES

conjugate base equivalent of gluconic acid

OXIDATION TO ALDONIC ACIDS

A

Gluconate

126
Q

CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES

In Alduronic acid:
glucose to _______

OXIDATION TO ALDONIC ACIDS

A

glucuronic acid

127
Q

CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES

conjugate base equivalent of glucuronic acid

OXIDATION TO ALDONIC ACIDS

A

glucuronate

128
Q

CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES

C1 and C6 are both oxidized to (COOH)
carboxylic acid

OXIDATION TO ALDONIC ACIDS

A

Aldaric acid

129
Q

CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES

In Aldaric acid:
glucose to ______

OXIDATION TO ALDONIC ACIDS

A

glucaric acid

130
Q

CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES

The aldehyde group of an aldose is oxidized under basic conditions to a ___________

OXIDATION TO ALDONIC ACIDS

A

carboxylate anion

131
Q

CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES

the oxidation product

OXIDATION TO ALDONIC ACIDS

A

Aldonic acid

132
Q

CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES

A carbohydrate that reacts with an
oxidizing agent to form an aldonic acid

OXIDATION TO ALDONIC ACIDS

A

Reducing sugar

133
Q

CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES

it reduces the oxidizing agent

OXIDATION TO ALDONIC ACIDS

A

Reducing sugar

134
Q

CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES

Example of a reducing sugar

OXIDATION TO ALDONIC ACIDS

A

2-Ketoses

(e.g. D-fructose)

135
Q

CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES

The body uses ________to detoxify foreiign
alcohols and phenols

OXIDATION TO ALDONIC ACIDS

A

glucuronic acid

136
Q

CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES

These compounds are converted in the liver to glycosides of glucuronic acid and then excreted in the urine.

OXIDATION TO ALDONIC ACIDS

A

alcohols and phenols

137
Q

CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES

The intravenous anesthetic _______ is converted to the following water-soluble glucuronide and excreted.

OXIDATION TO ALDONIC ACIDS

A

Propofol

138
Q

CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES

Enzyme catalyzed oxidation of the primary alcohol at carbon 6 of a carbohydrate yields to a uronic acid

A

OXIDATION TO URONIC ACID

139
Q

CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES

serves as an important component of the acidic polysaccharides of connective tissues and is also used to detoxify foreign phenols and alcohols

OXIDATION TO URONIC ACID

A

D-Glucuronic acid

140
Q

CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES

Mono- and diphosphoric acids are important intermediates in the metabolism of monosaccharides

A

FORMATION OF PHOSPHORIC ESTERS

141
Q

CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES

Enzyme catalyzed __________

FORMATION OF PHOSPHORIC ESTERS

A

phosphorylation

141
Q

DISACCHARIDES

Table sugar, obtained from the juice of sugar cane and
sugar beet

A

Sucrose

142
Q

Condensation products of two monosaccharide units

A

Dissacharide

142
Q

condensation product of 3-10 monosaccharide units (maltotriose)

A

Oligsaccharide

142
Q

condenstation products of more than 10 monosaccharide units (starch and glycogen)

A

Polysaccharide

143
Q

DISACCHARIDES

The components of sucrose is attached via

SUCROSE

A

α-1,2-Glycosidic bond

143
Q

DISACCHARIDES

is an enzyme that can cut the alpha 1 beta 2
bond (hydrolysis)

SUCROSE

A

Sucrase

144
Q

DISACCHARIDES

Components of Sucrose:

SUCROSE

A
  • glucose in the pyranose form
  • fructose in the furanose form
145
Q

DISACCHARIDES

Taste buds need to have the exact _______ of sugar, or else you won’t have the exact taste

SUCROSE

A

configuration

145
Q

DISACCHARIDES

A non-reducing sugar

A

SUCROSE

145
Q

DISACCHARIDES

Most abundant disaccharide in the biological world

A

SUCROSE

146
Q

DISACCHARIDES

The principle sugar present in milk

A

LACTOSE

147
Q

DISACCHARIDES

Components of lactose:

A
  • galactose in beta anomeric form
  • glucose in beta anomeric form
148
Q

DISACCHARIDES

About ______ in human milk, ___ in cow’s milk

LACTOSE

A
  • 5-8%
  • 4-5%
148
Q

DISACCHARIDES

The components of lactose is attached via

LACTOSE

A

β-1,4-Glycosidic
bond

149
Q

DISACCHARIDES

A reducing sugar

A
  • LACTOSE
  • MALTOSE
150
Q

DISACCHARIDES

From malt, the juice sprouted barley and other cereal grains

A

MALTOSE

151
Q

DISACCHARIDES

Also appears in the degradation of starch

A

MALTOSE

152
Q

DISACCHARIDES

when hydrolyzing starch you form ______, then you
form maltose

MALTOSE

A

dextrins

152
Q

DISACCHARIDES

Components of maltose:

A
  • Glucose in the alpha form
  • second glucose in the beta form
152
Q

DISACCHARIDES

Components of maltose are attached via:

A

α-1,4-Glycosidic bond

153
Q

DISACCHARIDES

is an enzyme in the intestines that cut the
α-1,4-Glycosidic bond

MALTOSE

A

Maltase

154
Q

A carbohydrate consisting of large numbers of monosaccharide units joined by glycosidic bonds

A

Polysaccharides

155
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES

a polymer of D-Glucose

A

Starch

156
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES

composed of unbranched chains up to
4000 D-Glucose units

STARCH

A

Amylose

156
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES

contains chains up to 10,000
D-glucose units

A

Amylopectin

157
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES

Starch can be separated into ________ and ________

A

Amylose and Amylopectin

157
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES

Amylose is s joined by:

A

α-1,4-glycosidic
bonds

157
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES

Amylopectin is joined by:

A
  • α-1,4-glycosidic bonds
  • α-1,6-glycosidic bonds (At branch points, new chains of 24 to 30 units are started)
158
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES

8-12 residues w/ branches

A

Glycogen

158
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES

10 residues

A

Starch

158
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES

Used for energy storage in plants

A

Starch

159
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES

is the energy-reserve carbohydrate for
animals

A

Glycogen

160
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES

is a branched polysaccharide of approximately 10^6
glucose units

A

GLYCOGEN

161
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES

Glycogen is joined by:

A

α-1,4- and α-1,6-glycosidic
bond

162
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES

is a linear polysaccharide of D-glucose units

A

CELLULOSE

162
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES

The total amount of glycogen in the body of a well-nourished adult human is about ____, dvided
almost equally between liver and muscle..

A

350g

162
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES

CELLULOSE is joined by:

A

β-1,4-glycosidic bonds

163
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES

It has an average molecular weight of _________, corresponding to approximately ______ glucose units
per molecule

Cellulose

A
  • 400,000 g/mol
  • 2200
163
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES

Cellulose molecules act like stiff ___ and align themselves side by side into well-organized water-insoluble fibers in which their -OH groups form
numerous intermolecular hydrogen bonds.

A

rods

164
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES

the reason why cellulose is insoluble in water.

A

arrangement of parallel chains in bundles

164
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES

found in hard parts of vegetables (stalk, stems) and we cannot digest this because our enzyme for
digesting glycosidic bonds are all ______ and cellulose is made from a β-1,4-Glycosidic bond

A

α-amylases

164
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES

This arrangement of parallel chains in bundles gives cellulose fibers their high _________.

A

mechanical strength

165
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES

enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of
β-glycosidic bonds

A

β-glycosidases

166
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES

Humans have only _____ (like α-amylases); hence, the polysaccharides we use as sources of glucose are starch and glycogen

A

α-glucosidases

166
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES

Termites have such _____ in their intestines and can use wood as their principal food.

A

bacteria

166
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES

_______ (cud-chewing animals) and horses can also digest grasses and hay.

A

Ruminants

167
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES

A group of polysaccharides that contain _________ and/or ______________, and play important roles in the structure and function of connective tissues.

ACIDIC POLYSACCHARIDES

A

carboxyl groups and/or sulfuric ester groups

168
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES

Most connective tissues are made up of _______, a structural protein, in combination with a variety of acidic polysaccharides.

A

collagen

169
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES

The more current name for these substances is __________ because they contain amino sugars

ACIDIC POLYSACCHARIDES

A

glycosaminoglycan

170
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES

is synthesized and stored in mast cells of various tissues, particularly the liver, lungs, and gut

ACIDIC POLYSACCHARIDES

A

Heparin

171
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES

The best known and understood of its biological functions is its anticoagulant activity

A

Heparin

172
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES

Heparin Ibinds strongly to ________, a plasma protein involved in terminating the clotting process

A

antithrombin III

173
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES

heparin structural unit is a ________ with sulfates and carboxylates that is why it is highly acidic

A

pentasaccharide

174
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES

Simplest acidic polysaccharide present in connective tissues

A

Hyaluronic Acid

175
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES

Composed of D-glucuronic acid joined by beta-1,3-glycosidic bond to N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine, which is in turn linked to D-glucuronic acid by
beta-1,4-glycosidic bond

A

Hyaluronic Acid

biochem lec (10 decks)

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