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biochem lec > TRANSLATION > Flashcards

TRANSLATION Flashcards

1
Q

ROLE OF RNA IN TRANSLATION

transcript is needed as a template that will be translated later on

A

mRNA

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2
Q

ROLE OF RNA IN TRANSLATION

provides the anticodon that has
complementary base paring with the codon (made up of mRNA transcript)

A

tRNA

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3
Q

ROLE OF RNA IN TRANSLATION

as it is in the ribosomes where protein
synthesis takes place

A

rRNA

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4
Q

ROLE OF RNA IN TRANSLATION

dissociates into a larger and a smaller body.

A

ribosome

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5
Q

ROLE OF RNA IN TRANSLATION

In higher organisms, including humans, the larger body of the ribosome is called a ____ ribosome (for eukaryotes); the smaller body is called a ____
ribosome.

A
  • 60S
  • 40S
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6
Q

ROLE OF RNA IN TRANSLATION

Complementary strand is still the ____ of the mature mRNA is bonded to the 40S ribosome,
and this unit is then joined to the 60S ribosome.

A

5’ end

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7
Q

ROLE OF RNA IN TRANSLATION

Triplets of bases on mRNA are called

A

codons

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8
Q

ROLE OF RNA IN TRANSLATION

In order for the genes to be transcribed and transported, there are nucleotides that are
grouped together into threes.

A

codons

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9
Q

ROLE OF RNA IN TRANSLATION

There is an __________ similar to a magnifying lens, reading every three (3) nucleotides.

A

Open Reading Frame (ORF)

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10
Q

ROLE OF RNA IN TRANSLATION

There are ___ codons existing in the genetic
code.

A

64

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11
Q

ROLE OF RNA IN TRANSLATION

The 20 amino acids are then brought to the ________, each amino acid by its own particular tRNA.

A

mRNA-ribosome complex

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12
Q

ROLE OF RNA IN TRANSLATION

Transports amino acids

A

tRNA

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13
Q

ROLE OF RNA IN TRANSLATION

Each tRNA is specific for only one (1) _________.

A

amino acid
residue

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14
Q

ROLE OF RNA IN TRANSLATION

Each cell carries at least ___ specific enzymes, each specific for one amino acid.

A

20

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15
Q

ROLE OF RNA IN TRANSLATION

Each_______ recognizes only one (1) tRNA

A

enzyme

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16
Q

ROLE OF RNA IN TRANSLATION

The enzyme responsible for amino acid
activation

A

Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase

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17
Q

ROLE OF RNA IN TRANSLATION

The enzyme Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase bonds the activated amino acid to the ____________ of the appropriate tRNA by an ester bond.

A

3’ terminal -OH (hydroxyl) group

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18
Q

At the opposite end of the tRNA molecule is a _________ as this is where the codon will be partnering.

A

codon recognition site

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19
Q

ROLE OF RNA IN TRANSLATION

The codon recognition site is a sequence of three bases called an ________

A

anticodon

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20
Q

ROLE OF RNA IN TRANSLATION

The first nucleotide wherein the base pairing can be incorrect, whereas the 2nd and 3rd base pairing (in the first codon) follows the ________

A

Chargaff’s Rule

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21
Q

ROLE OF RNA IN TRANSLATION

Incorrect base pairing in the first nucleotide is called the ________

A

Wobble Base Pairing

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22
Q

ROLE OF RNA IN TRANSLATION

the following are the possibilities
of incorrect pairing:

Wobble Base Pairing

A

o Uracil-Uracil BP
o Guanine-Uracil BP
o Uracil-Cytosine BP
o Inosine – Uracil: an analog
o Inosine – Adenine

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23
Q

ROLE OF RNA IN TRANSLATION

Impossible Base Pairing

A

Guanine – Adenine

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24
Q

Assignments of triplets (codons) based on
several types of experiments.

A

THE GENETIC CODE

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25
Q

THE GENETIC CODE

What did scientist used in the experiments regarding the genetic code

A

synthetic mRNA

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26
Q

THE GENETIC CODE

By ______, the genetic code was broken

A

1967

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27
Q

THE GENETIC CODE

61 codes for ________

A

amino acids.

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28
Q

THE GENETIC CODE

3 codes for _________

A

stop codons

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29
Q

THE GENETIC CODE

Stop Codons/ Termination Signals:

A
  • UAA
  • UAG
  • UGA
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30
Q

THE GENETIC CODE

Start Codon/ Initiation Signal:

A

AUG
(Methionine)

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31
Q

THE GENETIC CODE

Single codon for _____ and _______

A
  • Met
  • Trp
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32
Q

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

What are the 2 steps of protein synthesis

A
  • 1st STEP: AMINO ACID ACTIVATION
  • 2nd STEP: CHAIN INITIATION
  • 3RD STEP: CHAIN ELONGATION
  • 4TH STEP: CHAIN TERMINATION
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33
Q

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Activation of an amino acid (formation of an
amino acid-tRNA)

A

AMINO ACID ACTIVATION

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34
Q

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

AMINO ACID ACTIVATION requires:

A
  • amino acids
  • tRNAs
  • aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases
  • Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
  • Magnesium ion (Mg2+): a co-factor
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35
Q

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Enzyme used in amino acid activation

A

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases

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36
Q

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

high energy compound, usually one molecule used in amino acid activation

A

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

37
Q

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Products of the Reaction:

AMINO ACID ACTIVATION

A
  • Aminoacyl tRNA
  • Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)
  • Inorganic Pyrophosphate (PPi)
37
Q

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

co-factor used in amino acid activation

A

Magnesium ion (Mg2+)

38
Q

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Here the _______ is also formed to be used in Step 2: Chain Initiation.

AMINO ACID ACTIVATION

A

fMet-tRNAMet

39
Q

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

The activated amino acid is bound to its own particular tRNA by an _______ between the
_________ of the amino acid and the ____ of the tRNA

A
  • ester bond
  • carboxyl group
  • 3’-OH
40
Q

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

There are specific binding sites on tRNAs that are recognized by

A

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases.

41
Q

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

The amino acid-AMP remains bound to the enzyme and binding of the correct amino acid is verified by an editing site on the ___________

A

tRNA synthetase

42
Q

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Site of Chain Initiation:

2nd STEP: CHAIN INITIATION

A

30s and 50s ribosomal sub-unit

43
Q

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Requires:

2nd STEP: CHAIN INITIATION

A
  • Met (Methionine)
  • 30s ribosomal subunit
  • Initiation factor proteins
  • Guanosine Triphosphate (GTP)
  • Magnesium Ion (Mg2+)
44
Q

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Met (Methionine), the start codon (AUG), becomes _________ upon the activation which is the signal for the chain initiation step

2nd STEP: CHAIN INITIATION

A

fMet-tRNAMet
(also tRNAfMet)

45
Q

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

site of initiation
complex

2nd STEP: CHAIN INITIATION

A

30s ribosomal subunit

46
Q

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Initiation factor proteins:

2nd STEP: CHAIN INITIATION

A
  • IF1mRNA
  • IF2 mRNA
  • IF3 mRNA

with the Shine-Dalgarno Sequence

47
Q

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

provides the sequence and the start codon (AUG); only found in eukaryotic mRNA.

2nd STEP: CHAIN INITIATION

A

Initiation factor proteins with Shine-Dalgarno Sequence

48
Q

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Product of the Reaction
Step 1(30s sub-unit)

2nd STEP: CHAIN INITIATION

A

N-formyl-Met

Combined with IF2 + UAC

49
Q

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Product of the Reaction
Step 2 (30s initiation complex)

2nd STEP: CHAIN INITIATION

A

Formyl-N-Met

Combined with IF1, IF2, IF3 + GTP

50
Q

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Site of Chain Elongation:

3RD STEP: CHAIN ELONGATION

A

70s initiation complex

50
Q

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Requires:

3RD STEP: CHAIN ELONGATION

A
  • 70S codon of mRNA
  • Aminoacyl tRNA
  • Elongation factors
51
Q

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Three (3) binding sites for tRNA that are active:

3RD STEP: CHAIN ELONGATION

A
  • A-site (Aminoacyl site)
  • P-site (Peptidyl site)
  • E-site (Exit site)
51
Q

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Elongation factors:

3RD STEP: CHAIN ELONGATION

A
  • EF TU (Elongation Factors Thermo-Unstable)
  • EF TS (Elongation Factors Temperature-Sensitive/Thermo- Stable)
  • GTP (Guanosine Triphosphate)
  • Magnesium Ion: a co-factor
52
Q

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

binds an incoming
aminoacyl tRNA

Active binding sites for tRNA

A

A-site (Aminoacyl site)

53
Q

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

binds a tRNA that
carries a peptide chain

Active binding sites for tRNA

A

P-site (Peptidyl site)

54
Q

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Nucleophilic attack of _____ on the _______

Peptide Bond Formation

A
  • -NH2
  • peptidyl carbonyl
54
Q

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

carries an uncharged
tRNA that is about to be released from the
ribosomes

Active binding sites for tRNA

A

E-site (Exit site)

55
Q

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Site of Chain Termination:

4TH STEP: CHAIN TERMINATION

A

70s ribosomal subunit

56
Q

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Requires:

4TH STEP: CHAIN TERMINATION

A
  • Release Factors
  • Guanosine triphosphate (GTP)
57
Q

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

cleave the polypeptide chain from the last tRNA and release the tRNA from the ribosome.

4TH STEP: CHAIN TERMINATION

A

Release Factors

58
Q

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Release Factors:

4TH STEP: CHAIN TERMINATION

A

RF1, RF2, RF3

59
Q

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Will bind to the thee termination codons
(UAA, UAG, or UGA) of mRNA.

4TH STEP: CHAIN TERMINATION

A

Release Factors

59
Q

Gene Regulation

As the _____ moves along the mRNA, it encounters a stop codon

A

ribosome

60
Q

These are the various methods used by organisms to control which genes will be expressed and when they must be silenced or controlled.

A

GENE REGULATION

61
Q

Gene Regulation

Release factors and GTP bond to the ____

A

A-site

62
Q

Gene Regulation

The _______ is hydrolyzed from the tRNA

A

peptide

62
Q

Gene Regulation

Finally, the entire _______ dissociates, and the ribosome, mRNA, and other factors are recycled.

A

complex

63
Q

Gene Regulation

Gene regulation may operate in 2 levels:

A
  • TRANSCRIPTIONAL LEVEL
  • translational level
64
Q

Gene Regulation

help proteins fold into their
correct form

Posttranslational Modification of Proteins

A

Chaperone

65
Q

Gene Regulation

Protein modification includes:

Posttranslational Modification of Proteins

A

(a) Removal of methionine.
(b) Chaperoning
(c) Degradation of misfolded proteins.

66
Q

Gene Regulation

In eukaryotes, transcription is regulated by three
elements:

TRANSCRIPTIONAL LEVEL

A
  • promoters
  • enhancers
  • response elements (RE)
67
Q

Gene Regulation

Located adjacent to the transcription site.

A

Promoters

68
Q

Gene Regulation

Are defined by an initiator and conserved sequences such as TATA or GC boxes.

A

Promoters

69
Q

Gene Regulation

allow the rate of synthesis
of mRNA (and from there the target protein) to vary by a factor of up to a million.

A

Transcription factors

70
Q

Gene Regulation

Transcription factors find their targeted sites by _______ their protein chains so that a certain amino acid sequence is present at the surface.

A

twisting

70
Q

Gene Regulation

transcription factor
conformations:

A
  • metal-binding fingers or Zinc finger
  • helix-turn-helix
  • leucine zipper
71
Q

Gene Regulation

A new way of treating disease in the advent
of Gene Therapy

A

repressors

71
Q

Gene Regulation

Transcription factors also possess _________, which reduce the rate of transcription.

A

repressors

72
Q

Gene Regulation

Conformational twist that is provided and it consist of amino acid residues

A

Metal-Binding Fingers / Zinc Finger

73
Q

Gene Regulation

amino acid residues of Metal-Binding Fingers / Zinc Finger

A
  • 2 Cysteine
  • 2 HIstidine

metal Zinc binds together.

74
Q

A gene’s primary transcript can be edited in several different ways where splicing activity is
indicated by dashed lines.

A

ALTERNATE SPLICING

75
Q

Alternate Splicing

Types of splicing

A
  • Skipped exon
  • Alternative 5’ splice sites
  • Alternative 3’ splice sites
  • Retained intron
  • Mutually exclusive exon retention
76
Q

Gene Regulation

specifically the N-formyl-methionine from prokaryotic proteins, cleavage of specific
amino acids and addition of signal sequences

POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION OF PROTEINS

A

) removal of methionine

77
Q

regulate the degradation
of proteins found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

A

Proteosomes

78
Q

Such proteosomes are:

A
  • Lysosome
  • Ubiquitin
79
Q

Usually occurs in the mid or early 60s, the onset of which may be experienced by few senior
citizens.

A

Parkinson’s Disease (PD)

80
Q

One of the major factors to acquiring this neurodegenerative disease is the entanglement
of proteins present in some regions of the brain.

A

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)

81
Q

Has something to do with proper protein folding

A

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease

biochem lec (10 decks)

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