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CARBOHYDRATES Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

These are hydrates of aldehyde or ketone derivatives based on the location of the CO functional group

A

Carbohydrates

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2
Q

4 types of Carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Oligosaccharides
Polysaccharides

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3
Q

The simplest carbohydrates

A

Glycol aldehyde

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4
Q

Complete oxidation of glucose yields …

A

Carbon dioxide, Water, and Adenosine Triphosphate

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5
Q

Reducing sugars are

A

Glucose
Maltose
Fructose
Lactose
Galactose

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6
Q

The most common non-reducing sugar

A

Sucrose

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7
Q

It is both an endocrine and exocrine organ

A

Pancreas

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8
Q

A primary hormone responsible for the entry of glucose into the cell

A

Insulin

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9
Q

Insulin is synthesized in …

A

B-cells of the islet of Langerhans of the pancreas

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10
Q

It is normally released when the glucose level is high

A

Insulin

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11
Q

This is a hypoglycemic agent

A

Insulin

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12
Q

Serum insulin may be falsely low due …

A

To the presence of hemolysis

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13
Q

It is a hyperglycemic agent

A

Glucagon

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14
Q

Glucagon synthesized in

A

Alpha cell of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas

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15
Q

Fasting plasma glucagon is normally at

A

25-50 pg/mL

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16
Q

Other hormones that increase glucose concentration

A

Cortisol and corticosteroids
Catecholamines
Growth hormones
Thyroid hormones
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Somatostatin

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17
Q

These are secreted by the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex

A

Cortisol and corticosteroids

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18
Q

It increases the intestinal entry of glucose into the cell

A

Cortisol and corticosteroids

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19
Q

These are released from the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla and inhibit insulin secretion

A

Catecholamines

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20
Q

It is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland

A

Growth hormone

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21
Q

Promotes glycogenesis, gluconeogenesis and intestinal absorption of glucose

A

Thyroid hormone

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22
Q

It is produces by the delta cells of the islet of Langerhans

A

Somatostatin

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23
Q

It is toxic to beta cell function and impairs insulin secretion

A

Hyperglycemia

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24
Q

FBS of Diabetes Mellitus (positive)

A

126 mg/dl

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25
It results from an imbalance between glucose utilization and production
Hypoglycemia
26
Criteria of hypoglycemia
Whipple's Triad (Low blood glucose concentration)
27
At what level are glucagon and other hormones released into the circulation
65-70 mg/dL
28
At what level does it strongly suggest hypoglycemia
=< 60 mg/dL
29
Symptoms of hypoglycemia
Neurogenic Neuroglycopenic
30
It is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin receptors, or both
Diabetes Mellitus
31
Fasting plasma glucose concentration that is diagnostic of DM
>= 126 mg/dL
32
In severe DM, the ratio of Bhydroxybutyrate to acetoacetate is
6:1
33
It is formerly known as Insulin Dependent DM, Juvenile Onset DM, Brittle Diabetes, Ketosis-Prone Diabetes
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
34
It is the result of cellular-mediated autoimmune destruction of B-cells of the pancreas
Type 1 DM
35
Formerly known as Non-Insulin Dependent DM, Stable Diabetes, and etc.
Type 2 DM
36
It is characterized by hyperglycemia due to an individual's resistance to insulin
Type 2 DM
37
Type 2 DM is described as
Geneticist's Nightmare
38
A disorder characterized by impaired ability to metabolize carbohydrates usually caused by a deficiency of insulin, metabolic, or hormonal changes.
Gestational DM
39
Screening and diagnosis of Gestational DM
2-hour OGTT using 75g glucose load
40
2-hour Glucose level for Gestation DM
>= 153 mg/dL
41
Its principle is the reduction of cupric ions to cuprous ions
Alkaline Copper Reduction Method
42
It uses Phosphomolybdate
Folin Wu Method
43
It uses Arsenomolybdate
Nelson Somogyi Method
44
It uses Neocuproine
Neocuproine Method
45
It is used for the detection and quantification of reducing substances in body fluids like blood and urine
Benedict's Method (Modification of Folin Wu)
46
Stabilizing agent of Benedict's Method
Citrate or Tartrate
47
It involves the reduction of a yellow ferricyanide to a colorless ferrocyanide by glucose
Alkaline Ferric Reduction Method (Hagedorn Jensen)
48
Also known as Dubowski Method
Ortho-toluidine
49
It measures B-D glucose
Glucose Oxidase Method
50
It is the most specific glucose method; reference method
Hexokinase Method
51
It is requested during insulin shock or hyperglycemic ketonic coma
Random Blood Sugar
52
It is a measure of overall glucose homeostasis
Fasting Blood Sugar
53
It measures how well the body metabolizes glucose
2-Hour Post Prandial Blood Sugar
54
It is a multiple blood sugar test
2-Hour PPBS
55
It should be performed to diagnose gestational diabetes
Glucose Tolerance Test
56
It is used for DM patients with gastrointestinal disorders
Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test
57
It is known as glycated hemoglobin
Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1C)
58
It is a reliable method for monitoring of long-term glucose control
Glycosylated Hemoglobin
59
It is also known as glycosylated or glycated albumin
Fructosamine
60
It is an inherited autosomal recessive trait
Glycogen Storage Disease (GSD)
61
Types of GSD that cause liver damage
Type I, III, IV, VI, IX, 0
62
types of GSD that cause muscular damage
Type V, VII
63
It is about 40-60% of the blood plasma glucose level
CSF Glucose
64
It is formed during the conversion of pro-insulin to insulin
C-peptide Test
65

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY (6 decks)

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