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CLINICAL CHEMISTRY > CARBOHYDRATES > Flashcards

CARBOHYDRATES Flashcards

1
Q

These are hydrates of aldehyde or ketone derivatives based on the location of the CO functional group

A

Carbohydrates

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2
Q

4 types of Carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Oligosaccharides
Polysaccharides

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3
Q

The simplest carbohydrates

A

Glycol aldehyde

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4
Q

Complete oxidation of glucose yields …

A

Carbon dioxide, Water, and Adenosine Triphosphate

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5
Q

Reducing sugars are

A

Glucose
Maltose
Fructose
Lactose
Galactose

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6
Q

The most common non-reducing sugar

A

Sucrose

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7
Q

It is both an endocrine and exocrine organ

A

Pancreas

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8
Q

A primary hormone responsible for the entry of glucose into the cell

A

Insulin

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9
Q

Insulin is synthesized in …

A

B-cells of the islet of Langerhans of the pancreas

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10
Q

It is normally released when the glucose level is high

A

Insulin

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11
Q

This is a hypoglycemic agent

A

Insulin

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12
Q

Serum insulin may be falsely low due …

A

To the presence of hemolysis

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13
Q

It is a hyperglycemic agent

A

Glucagon

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14
Q

Glucagon synthesized in

A

Alpha cell of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas

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15
Q

Fasting plasma glucagon is normally at

A

25-50 pg/mL

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16
Q

Other hormones that increase glucose concentration

A

Cortisol and corticosteroids
Catecholamines
Growth hormones
Thyroid hormones
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Somatostatin

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17
Q

These are secreted by the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex

A

Cortisol and corticosteroids

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18
Q

It increases the intestinal entry of glucose into the cell

A

Cortisol and corticosteroids

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19
Q

These are released from the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla and inhibit insulin secretion

A

Catecholamines

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20
Q

It is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland

A

Growth hormone

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21
Q

Promotes glycogenesis, gluconeogenesis and intestinal absorption of glucose

A

Thyroid hormone

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22
Q

It is produces by the delta cells of the islet of Langerhans

A

Somatostatin

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23
Q

It is toxic to beta cell function and impairs insulin secretion

A

Hyperglycemia

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24
Q

FBS of Diabetes Mellitus (positive)

A

126 mg/dl

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25
Q

It results from an imbalance between glucose utilization and production

A

Hypoglycemia

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26
Q

Criteria of hypoglycemia

A

Whipple’s Triad
(Low blood glucose concentration)

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27
Q

At what level are glucagon and other hormones released into the circulation

A

65-70 mg/dL

28
Q

At what level does it strongly suggest hypoglycemia

A

=< 60 mg/dL

29
Q

Symptoms of hypoglycemia

A

Neurogenic
Neuroglycopenic

30
Q

It is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin receptors, or both

A

Diabetes Mellitus

31
Q

Fasting plasma glucose concentration that is diagnostic of DM

A

> = 126 mg/dL

32
Q

In severe DM, the ratio of Bhydroxybutyrate to acetoacetate is

A

6:1

33
Q

It is formerly known as Insulin Dependent DM, Juvenile Onset DM, Brittle Diabetes, Ketosis-Prone Diabetes

A

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

34
Q

It is the result of cellular-mediated autoimmune destruction of B-cells of the pancreas

A

Type 1 DM

35
Q

Formerly known as Non-Insulin Dependent DM, Stable Diabetes, and etc.

A

Type 2 DM

36
Q

It is characterized by hyperglycemia due to an individual’s resistance to insulin

A

Type 2 DM

37
Q

Type 2 DM is described as

A

Geneticist’s Nightmare

38
Q

A disorder characterized by impaired ability to metabolize carbohydrates usually caused by a deficiency of insulin, metabolic, or hormonal changes.

A

Gestational DM

39
Q

Screening and diagnosis of Gestational DM

A

2-hour OGTT using 75g glucose load

40
Q

2-hour Glucose level for Gestation DM

A

> = 153 mg/dL

41
Q

Its principle is the reduction of cupric ions to cuprous ions

A

Alkaline Copper Reduction Method

42
Q

It uses Phosphomolybdate

A

Folin Wu Method

43
Q

It uses Arsenomolybdate

A

Nelson Somogyi Method

44
Q

It uses Neocuproine

A

Neocuproine Method

45
Q

It is used for the detection and quantification of reducing substances in body fluids like blood and urine

A

Benedict’s Method (Modification of Folin Wu)

46
Q

Stabilizing agent of Benedict’s Method

A

Citrate or Tartrate

47
Q

It involves the reduction of a yellow ferricyanide to a colorless ferrocyanide by glucose

A

Alkaline Ferric Reduction Method (Hagedorn Jensen)

48
Q

Also known as Dubowski Method

A

Ortho-toluidine

49
Q

It measures B-D glucose

A

Glucose Oxidase Method

50
Q

It is the most specific glucose method; reference method

A

Hexokinase Method

51
Q

It is requested during insulin shock or hyperglycemic ketonic coma

A

Random Blood Sugar

52
Q

It is a measure of overall glucose homeostasis

A

Fasting Blood Sugar

53
Q

It measures how well the body metabolizes glucose

A

2-Hour Post Prandial Blood Sugar

54
Q

It is a multiple blood sugar test

A

2-Hour PPBS

55
Q

It should be performed to diagnose gestational diabetes

A

Glucose Tolerance Test

56
Q

It is used for DM patients with gastrointestinal disorders

A

Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test

57
Q

It is known as glycated hemoglobin

A

Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1C)

58
Q

It is a reliable method for monitoring of long-term glucose control

A

Glycosylated Hemoglobin

59
Q

It is also known as glycosylated or glycated albumin

A

Fructosamine

60
Q

It is an inherited autosomal recessive trait

A

Glycogen Storage Disease (GSD)

61
Q

Types of GSD that cause liver damage

A

Type I, III, IV, VI, IX, 0

62
Q

types of GSD that cause muscular damage

A

Type V, VII

63
Q

It is about 40-60% of the blood plasma glucose level

A

CSF Glucose

64
Q

It is formed during the conversion of pro-insulin to insulin

A

C-peptide Test

65
Q
A

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY (6 decks)

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