CC2 PRELIM (ENZYME, ABG, ELECTROLYTES TUMOR MARKERS)

Question 1

are specific proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions without altering the equilibrium point of the reaction or being consumed or changed in composition.

Answer 1

Enzyme

Question 2

A structure in which each enzyme contains a specific amino acid sequence

Answer 2

primary structure

Question 3

A structure in which the resultant polypeptide chains adopting bends and turns

Answer 3

secondary structure

Question 4

A structure in which an enzyme folding into a three-dimensional structure

Answer 4

tertiary structure

Question 5

refers to the binding and interactions between the subunits.

Answer 5

quaternary structure

Question 6

results when an enzyme is subject to posttranslational modifications with a functional group added to an amino acid.

Answer 6

isoform

Question 7

it catalyzes an oxidation–reduction reaction between two substrates.

Answer 7

oxidoreductases

Question 8

it catalyzes the transfer of a group other than hydrogen from one substrate to another.

Answer 8

Transferases

Question 9

catalyze hydrolysis of various bonds.

Answer 9

hydrolases

Question 10

catalyze the removal of groups from substrates without hydrolysis; the product contains
double bonds.

Answer 10

lyases

Question 11

catalyze the interconversion of geometric, optical, or positional isomers.

Answer 11

isomerases

Question 12

catalyze the joining of two substrate molecules, coupled with the breaking of the pyrophosphate bond in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or a similar compound.

Answer 12

ligases

Question 13

In EC number code, the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd number represent the

Answer 13

classification, subclass, and subsubclass

Question 14

what classification is aldolase

Answer 14

lyases

Question 15

ALP and ACP is what classification

Answer 15

hydrolases

Question 16

AST, ALT, CK, and Pyruvate kinase is what classification

Answer 16

transferases

Question 17

LD, G6PD, and Glutamate dehydrogenase is what classification

Answer 17

oxidoreductases

Question 18

The excess energy needed to induce the transition state
is called

Answer 18

activation energy

Question 19

it is based on the premise that the shape of the key (substrate) must fit into the lock (enzyme)

Answer 19

Emil Fisher’s/Lock and Key Theory

Question 20

It is based on the substrate binding to the active site of the enzyme

Answer 20

Kockland’s/Induced Fit Theory

Question 21

meaning that the enzyme combines with only one substrate and catalyzes only one corresponding reaction.

Answer 21

absolute specificity

Question 22

enzyme combined with all the substrates in a chemical group is called

Answer 22

group specificity

Question 23

enzyme reacting with specific chemical bonds is known as

Answer 23

bond specificity

Question 24

the rate of the reaction is directly
proportional to substrate concentration.

Answer 24

first-order reaction

Question 25

the reaction rate depends only on enzyme concentration

Answer 25

zero-order reaction

Question 26

A method of measurement where the reaction proceeds for a designated time

Answer 26

fixed time

Question 27

A method of measurement where multiple measurements of changes in absorbance are made during the reaction

Answer 27

continuous monitoring/kinetic assay

Question 28

these are nonprotein entities that often bind to particular enzymes and provide a necessary function before a reaction occurs.

Answer 28

cofactors

Question 29

these are organic compound

Answer 29

coenzymes

Question 30

examples of coenzymes

Answer 30

NAD and NADP

Question 31

this may be essential for the reaction or may only enhance the reaction rate in proportion to concentration and it alternates the spatial configuration of the enzyme for proper substrate binding, linking substrate to the enzyme or coenzyme, or undergoing oxidation or reduction.

Answer 31

activators

Question 32

these are inorganic ion attached to a molecule

Answer 32

metalloenzymes

Question 33

metalloenzymes examples are

Answer 33

catalase and cytochrome oxidase

Question 34

it physically binds to the active site of an enzyme but the inhibition is also reversible

Answer 34

competitive inhibitor

Question 35

it does not compete with the substrate but looks for areas other than the active site (allosteric site)

Answer 35

non-competitive inhibitor

Question 36

the inhibitor binds to the enzyme-substrate (ES) complex

Answer 36

uncompetitive inhibitor

Question 37

these are enzymes having the same catalytic reactions but slightly different molecular structures

Answer 37

isoenzymes

Question 38

most physiologic reactions occur in the pH range of

Answer 38

pH 7-8

Question 39

ideal temperature for the preservation of enzymes

Answer 39

-20 degree celcius

Question 40

ideal temperature for the preservation of substrate and coenzymes

Answer 40

2-8 degree celcius

Question 41

ideal temperature for the preservation of LDH

Answer 41

22 degree celcius

Question 42

ALP reference value

Answer 42

30-90 U/L

Question 43

In normal pregnancy increased ALP is detected between

Answer 43

16-20 weeks

Question 44

What blood type have elevated ALP level

Answer 44

B and O blood group

Question 45

In what disease is elevated ALP is seen

Answer 45

Paget's disease

Question 46

B1x isoform is used to study

Answer 46

low bone mineral disease (BMD)

Question 47

what isoform of ALP is used to study BMD

Answer 47

B1x

Question 48

it is ALP found in the lungs and the most heat stable

Answer 48

Regan ALP

Question 49

Regan ALP is stable at

Answer 49

at 65 degrees celsius for 30 minutes

Question 50

this ALP is inhibited by L-leucine and Phenylalanine

Answer 50

Nagao ALP

Question 51

what isoenzyme of ALP is the most anodal

Answer 51

liver and bone ALP

Question 52

what is used to separate Liver and Bone ALP

Answer 52

neuraminidase and wheat germ lectin

Question 53

heat fractionation /stability test is performed at

Answer 53

56 C for 10-15 mins

Question 54

Decreasing order of ALP heat stability

Answer 54

placental, intestinal, liver and bone ALP

Question 55

Phenylalanine inhibits what ALP isoenzymes

Answer 55

placental, intestinal, nagao, and regan ALP

Question 56

ALP is inhibited by

Answer 56

phosphorus

Question 57

Decreased ALP is seen in

Answer 57

zinc deficiency

Question 58

what level of ACP indicates presence of seminal fluid in the sample

Answer 58

ACP activity of >50 UI/L

Question 59

ACP is used for the detection of

Answer 59

prostatic adenocarcinoma

Question 60

what is used for confirmation of prostatic adenocarcinoma

Answer 60

prostate-specific antigen

Question 61

is the specific substrate, and for quantitative endpoint reaction for ACP

Answer 61

thymolphthalein monophosphate

Question 62

it is preferred for continuous monitoring method for ACP

Answer 62

a-naphthyl PO4

Question 63

what are the two isoenzyme fraction of AST

Answer 63

cytoplasmic (predominant) and mitochondrial AST

Question 64

what method is used for AST

Answer 64

karmen method

Question 65

it is significant in the evaluation of hepatic disorders

Answer 65

ALT

Question 66

what is the coenzyme of aminotransferases

Answer 66

pyridoxal phosphate (Vitamin B6)

Question 67

what method is used for ALT

Answer 67

coupled enzymatic reaction

Question 68

what is the De Ritis Ratio

Answer 68

(ALT:AST) is >1.0

Question 69

what is the S-type and P-type isoenzyme of amylase

Answer 69

s-type (ptyalin) and p-type (amylopsin)

Question 70

Salivary amylase is inhibited by

Answer 70

wheat germ lectin

Question 71

is an enzyme that hydrolyzes the ester linkages of fats to produce alcohols and fatty acids from triglycerides.

Answer 71

lipase

Question 72

it is more pure form of TAG and is used as a substrate for LPS assay

Answer 72

Triolein

Question 73

reference method for LPS

Answer 73

cherry crandall

Question 74

it is the most commonly used method for LPS; does not use 50% olive oil

Answer 74

peroxidase coupling

Question 75

an enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of lactic and pyruvic acids.

Answer 75

lactate dehydrogenase

Question 76

LD isoenzyme for cancer marker

Answer 76

LD2, LD3, and LD4

Question 77

predominant LD isoenzyme for cancer marker

Answer 77

LD3

Question 78

forward method for LD

Answer 78

wacker method

Question 79

reverse method for LD

Answer 79

wrobleuski la due

Question 80

increased LDH is seen in what pneumonia

Answer 80

pneumocystis jerovecii pneumonia (carinii)

Question 81

catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group between creatine phosphate and adenosine diphosphate

Answer 81

creatine kinase

Question 82

the most anodal ck isoenzyme

Answer 82

ck-bb

Question 83

ck mb is not elevated in

Answer 83

angina

Question 84

forward method for ck

Answer 84

tanzer gilbarg assay

Question 85

reverse method for ck

Answer 85

oliver rosalki

Question 86

it interferes with ck assay after release from RBC lysis

Answer 86

adenylate kinase (AK)

Question 87

is added to reverse method and inhibit AK intereference

Answer 87

adenosine monophosphate

Question 88

it is a marker for alcoholism

Answer 88

GGT

Question 89

used as a marker for insecticide poisoning

Answer 89

pseudocholinesterase

Question 90

method for PChE

Answer 90

ellman technique and potentiometry

Question 91

a possible indicator of neural dysfunction (Alzheimer disease)

Answer 91

angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)

Question 92

ceruloplasmin is used as a marker for

Answer 92

wilson's disease

Question 93

a marker for hepatobiliary diseases

Answer 93

ornithine carbamoyl transferase/carbamyl

Question 94

a newborn screening marker and deficiency of this enzyme leads to drug-induced hemolytic anemia

Answer 94

G6PD

Question 95

1 gram of Hb carries

Answer 95

1.39 ml of oxygen

Question 96

to minimize ph changes, the lungs maintain what ratio

Answer 96

20:1

Question 97

slow or non removal of CO2 increases concentration of

Answer 97

Hydrogen ion (H+)

Question 98

increase H+ results to

Answer 98

respiratory acidosis

Question 99

decrease H+ results to

Answer 99

respiratory alkalosis

Question 100

normal blood ph

Answer 100

7.35-7.45

Question 101

normal blood pCO2 level

Answer 101

35-45 mmHg

Question 102

normal blood HCO3 level

Answer 102

21-28 mEq/L or 22-26 mmol/L

Question 103

caused by bicarbonate deficiency

Answer 103

metabolic acidosis

Question 104

it is caused by bicarbonate excess

Answer 104

metabolic alkalosis

Question 105

electrolyte imbalance seen in metabolic alkalosis

Answer 105

hypokalemia and hypochloremia

Question 106

caused by excessive carbon dioxide accumulation

Answer 106

respiratory acidosis

Question 107

caused by excessive carbon dioxide loss

Answer 107

respiratory alkalosis

Question 108

anticoagulant for ABG

Answer 108

0.05 ml heparin/ml of blood

Question 109

ABG collection method for newborn

Answer 109

indwelling umbilical artery catheter

Question 110

what happens to pH, pO2 and pCO2 when standing

Answer 110

pH decreases, pO2 decreases, and pCO2 increases

Question 111

these are ions capable of carrying electric charges

Answer 111

electrolytes

Question 112

ECF contains

Answer 112

1/3 of water

Question 113

ICF contains

Answer 113

2/3 of water

Question 114

it is the major EC cation

Answer 114

sodium

Question 115

reference value of sodium

Answer 115

135-145 mmol/L

Question 116

it promotes sodium retention and potassium excretion

Answer 116

aldosterone

Question 117

it is an endogenous antihypertensive agent, and inhibits action of angiotensin II

Answer 117

atrial natriuretic factor

Question 118

hypokalemia is seen in

Answer 118

cushing syndrome

Question 119

hyperkalemia is seen in

Answer 119

addison's disease

Question 120

method for sodium

Answer 120

albanese lein

Question 121

the major IC cation

Answer 121

potassium

Question 122

it inhibits Na, K, and ATPase pump

Answer 122

Digitalis

Question 123

low insulin causes

Answer 123

high serum potassium

Question 124

method for potassium

Answer 124

lockhead and purcell

Question 125

polymer membrane of Na

Answer 125

TH 227: ETH 157, glass membrane

Question 126

polymer membrane of K

Answer 126

Valinomycin gel

Question 127

falsely decreased potassium level is seen in

Answer 127

leukocytosis (WBC consume the potassium)

Question 128

falsely increased potassium level is seen in

Answer 128

clot formation (platelets releases potassium)

Question 129

it is the major EC anion and chief counter ion of sodium in ECF

Answer 129

chloride

Question 130

the only ion to serve as activator

Answer 130

chloride

Question 131

method for chloride

Answer 131

schales and schales

Question 132

factors affecting plasma calcium levels

Answer 132

vit D parathyroid hormone (PTH) calcitonin

Question 133

polymer membrane for calcium

Answer 133

ETH 1001

Question 134

polymer membrane for chloride

Answer 134

lipophilic quaternary ammonium/Ag2S/AgCl

Question 135

causes of hypercalcemia

Answer 135

CHIMPS cancer hyperthyroidism latrogenic causes multiple myeloma hyperparathyroidism sarcoidosis

Question 136

causes of hypocalcemia

Answer 136

CHARD calcitonin hypothyroidism alkalosis renal failure vitamin d deficiency

Question 137

tumor marker for ovarian cancer

Answer 137

CA-125

Question 138

tumor marker for breast cancer

Answer 138

CA 15-3

Question 139

tumor marker for pancreatic and colorectal cancer

Answer 139

CA-19.9

Question 140

tumor marker for lung cancer

Answer 140

placental ALP

Question 141

tumor marker for hepatic and testicular cancers

Answer 141

AFP

Question 142

tumor marker for urinary bladder cancer

Answer 142

nuclear matrix protein