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Carbohydrates Flashcards

(109 cards)

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1
Q

60% of our food comes from…?

A

Carbohydrates

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2
Q

What does ‘polyhydroxy’ mean?

A

containing several alcohol groups

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3
Q

What is the empirical (simplified) formula of carbohydrates?

A

CH2O (Carbon + Hydrate)

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4
Q

They are the most abundant molecules on Earth

A

Carbohydrates

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5
Q

Carbohydrates are produced through what process?

A

Photosynthesis

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6
Q

A carbohydrate is any compound containing what three elements?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

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7
Q

To be considered a carbohydrate, what must be the ratio of H and O in a compound?

A

2:1

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8
Q

If we eat more carbohydrates that are needed for energy, the extra is stored in what part of the body?

A

Liver or tissues

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9
Q

Excess carbohydrates are stored as __ in the body.

A

Fat

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10
Q

What are the 3 major categories of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharide
Disaccharide
Polysaccharide

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11
Q

These types of carbohydrates are known as simple sugars.

A

Monosaccharides

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12
Q

True or False: Monosaccharides can be further broken down into simpler sugars.

A

FALSE. Monosaccharides are already the simplest sugar and cannot be broken down further.

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13
Q

What do you call monosaccharides with a ketone functional group?

A

Ketoses

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14
Q

If a monosaccharide is an aldose, what is its functional group?

A

Aldehyde

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15
Q

What are the chemical formulas for hydroxyl, aldehyde and ketone?

A

Hydroxyl - OH
Aldehyde - -CHO
Ketone - C=O

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16
Q

What are the four categories of monosaccharides according to number of carbons?

A

Trioses (three carbons)
Tetroses (four carbons)
Pentoses (five carbons)
Hexoses (six carbons)

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17
Q

What are the 2 most important pentoses?

A

Ribose and deoxyribose

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18
Q

Ribose forms part of the __, while deoxyribose forms part of the ___.

A

RNA; DNA

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19
Q

What is the difference between ribose and deoxyribose?

A

Deoxyribose has one less oxygen atom than ribose.

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20
Q

What are the 3 most important hexoses in the human body?

A

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

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21
Q

If compounds have the same formula but different structural formulas, they are called…?

A

Isomers

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22
Q

What is the chemical formula for glucose, fructose, and galactose?

A

C6H12O6

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23
Q

This monosaccharide is also known as grape sugar.

A

Glucose

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24
Q

What percentage of glucose is concentrated in grapes?

A

20-30%

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25
What is the main product of photosynthesis and its byproduct?
Glucose & oxygen
26
Glucose is commercially known by what other name?
Dextrose
27
What is it called when excess glucose is secreted via the urine?
Glycosuria
28
Is it the breakdown of glycogen in order to make glucose.
Glycogenolysis
29
In animals, glycogen is broken down to create glucose. What is broken down in plants?
Starch
30
In animals, glucose is synthesized in what organs?
Liver and kidneys
31
It is the formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate substances.
Gluconeogenesis
32
This monosaccharide is the sweetest of the common sugars.
Fructose
33
Fructose is also known as...?
Fruit sugar
34
What monosaccharide has the highest solubility?
Fructose
35
What do LDL and HDL mean?
Low density lipoproteins and high density lipoproteins
36
Between LDL and HDL, which is considered as bad cholesterol?
LDL
37
This monosaccharide is also known as brain sugar.
Galactose
38
True or False: Galactose is sweeter than glucose.
FALSE
39
In what bodily process is galactose used?
Infant feeding
40
Where is galactose formed?
From blood glucose in the mammary blood
41
It is a type of carbohydrate that is formed by two monosaccharides.
Disaccharide
42
True or False: Disaccharides are formed when two sugars are joined together and a molecule or water is removed.
TRUE
43
What are the 5 given disaccharides?
Lactose Maltose Sucrose Trehalose Cellobiose
44
Lactose is formed by combining what two monosaccharides?
Glucose and galactose
45
When combining glucose and fructose, what disaccharide is formed?
Sucrose
46
What 3 disaccharides may be formed when you join together two glucose molecules?
Maltose, trehalose, and cellobiose
47
It is an inherited disease wherein the transformation of galactose to glucose is blocked, allowing galactose to rise to toxic levels in the body.
Galactosemia
48
This disaccharide is also known as cane sugar.
Sucrose
49
What is the most common disaccharide?
Sucrose
50
True or False: Maltose is common in many processed/junk food.
FALSE. Sucrose is common in processed/junk food.
51
What is the oral bacteria that converts sugar in food into acid, causing tooth decay?
Streptococcus mutans
52
What is the chemical formula for sucrose?
C12H22O11
53
What disaccharide is also known as beer sugar?
Maltose
54
Milk sugar is also known as...?
Lactose
55
This disaccharide is only found in milk.
Lactose
56
What percent of milk is made up of lactose?
2-8%
57
It is the principal sugar in the hemolymph of insects.
Trehalose
58
They are relatively complex carbohydrates.
Polysaccharides
59
What bonds together monosaccharides?
Glycosidic bonds
60
What are the two classifications of polysaccharides?
Homopolysaccharides (monosaccharides are the same type) and heteropolysaccharides (more than one type of monosaccharide).
61
what is another name for starch?
Amylum
62
It is the most important carbohydrate in the diet.
Starch
63
Starch is a mixture of what two compounds?
Amylose and amylopectin
64
It is a linear chain of several hundred glucose molecules.
Amylose
65
It is the branched molecule made up of several thousand glucose molecules.
Amylopectin
66
Starches can be catalyzed by what type of enzymes?
Amylase
67
Where can you find amylase in the body?
Saliva and pancreas
68
Salivary amylase is also known as...?
Ptyalin
69
What is another name for pancreatic amylase?
Amylopsin
70
Starches are bonded by what type of linkages?
Alpha linkages
71
Since they are both composed of two glucose molecules, what is the main difference between maltose, trehalose, and cellobiose?
Their glycosidic bonds
72
What is the bond for maltose?
Alpha-1,4
73
What is the glycosidic bond for trehalose?
Alpha-1,1
74
What is the glycosidic bond for cellobiose?
Beta-1,4
75
Animal starch is also called...?
Glycogen
76
Where is glycogen stored in the body?
Liver and muscles
77
What is the glycogen percentage present in the liver?
1.5-4% glycogen
78
What is the glycogen concentration in the muscles?
0.5 -1.0% glycogen
79
What percent of glycogen can be found in oysters?
9%
80
It is the reserved carbohydrate in plants.
Cellulose
81
Wood is formed by combining cellulose with ___.
Lignin
82
What enzyme do humans lack in order to properly break down cellulose?
Cellulase
83
What animal is an example of being able to digest cellulose?
Termite
84
It is a white amorphous substance used in the preparation of adhesives
Dextrin
85
What carbohydrate helps prevent blood clotting?
Heparin
86
It is the strongest organic acid in the body.
Heparin
87
These carbohydrates are known as blood extenders.
Dextran
88
What carbohydrate is the main component of beer?
Maltose
89
What are the 3P's of diabetes mellitus?
Polyuria, polyphagia, polydipsia
90
It refers to frequent urinating.
Polyuria
91
Frequent eating/hunger is also known as...?
Polyphagia.
92
True or False: Polyphagia means frequent drinking/thirst.
FALSE. Polyphagia is frequent eating/hunger, while polydipsia is frequent drinking/thirst.
93
It is the thickening of fat deposits in the arteries
Atherosclerosis
94
What causes atherosclerosis?
Elevated triglycerides
95
What is the meaning of the acronym G6PD?
Glucose 6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency
96
What are the two types of projections?
Howerth (ring) and Fischer (fishbone) projections
97
It is the hormone that regulates blood sugar level by absorbing glucose from the blood.
Insulin
98
True or False: Hexose is a monosaccharide made up of four carbons; an example is ribose.
FALSE
99
True or False: Carbohydrates are the main source of energy in the body.
TRUE
100
A polysaccharide found in the cell wall of fungi and serves as an exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans.
Chitin
101
A disaccharide made up of two glucose units connected via Beta-1,4 glycosidic bond.
Cellobiose
102
What carbohydrate is also known as blood sugar?
Glucose
103
The sum of chemical reactions that take place in living cells, providing energy for life processes and the synthesis of cellular material.
Metabolism
104
A physical or chemical phenomenon or a process in which atoms, molecules or ions enter some bulk phase – liquid or solid material.
Absorption
105
The process of breaking down food by mechanical and enzymatic action in the alimentary canal into substances that can be used by the body
Digestion
106
What is the first step in catabolism?
Digestion
107
Salivary amylase breaks down starch into what disaccharide?
Maltose
108
True or False: Amylases in the pancreas further break down polysaccharides, reducing them to disaccharides such as lactose, maltose, and sucrose.
FALSE. They break down polysaccharides into monosaccharides, such as glucose, fructose, and galactose.
109
True or False: There are some carbohydrates in the body that are indigestible.
TRUE. They are dietary fiber and resistant starches.

Biochemistry (4 decks)

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