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Clinical Chemistry 1 > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

Conversion Factor of glucose

A

0.0555

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2
Q

Excess glucose is stored in the _ in the form of _

A

Liver
Glycogen

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3
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Glucose
Galactose
Fructose

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4
Q

Disaccharides

A

Maltose
Lactose
Sucrose

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5
Q

Combination of Maltose

A

2 Glucose

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6
Q

Combination of Lactose

A

Glucose
Galactose

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7
Q

Combination of Sucrose

A

Glucose
Sucrose

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8
Q

The only non-reducing sugar

A

Fructose

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9
Q

Breakdown of glucose into lactate and pyruvate

A

Glycolysis

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10
Q

Production of glycogen

A

Glycogenesis

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11
Q

Breakdown of glycogen into glucose

A

Glycogenolysis

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12
Q

Production of glucose products from non-carbohydrate sources

A

Gluconeogenesis

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13
Q

Production of fat from excess glucose

A

Lipogenesis

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14
Q

Breakdown of triglycerides to produce ketone bodies

A

Lipolysis

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15
Q

How many ATPs can NADH produce?

A

3 ATP

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16
Q

How many ATPs can FADH2 produce?

A

2 ATP

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17
Q

How many ATPs are produced in bacterial ATP production?

A

38 ATP

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18
Q

A hypoglycemic agent that promotes glycogenesis and lipogenesis; released in the beta cells of pancreas

A

Insulin

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19
Q

A hyperglycemic agent that promotes glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis; produced by the alpha cells of pancreas

A

Glucagon

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20
Q

A hyperglycemic agent that stimulates glycogenolysis and lipolysis; inhibits insulin production; produced in the adrenal medulla; known for adrenaline rush

A

Epinephrine

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21
Q

A hyperglycemic agent that stimulates glycogenolysis, lipolysis and gluconeogenesis; release is stimulated by ACTH; produced by adrenal cortex (pituitary gland)

A

Cortisol

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22
Q

A hyperglycemic agent that inhibits secretion of insulin, glucagon, and growth hormone; command center; produced by the delta cells of the pancreas

A

Somatostatin

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23
Q

A hyperglycemic agent that stimulates glycolysis; produced by the anterior pituitary gland; prevents glucose entry

A

Growth Hormone

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24
Q

A hyperglycemic agent that stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis; produced by the thyroid gland; increased intestinal absorption of glucose

A

Thyroxine

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25
Fasting period for glucose determination
8-10 hours
26
Tubes used for glucose determination
Non-additive Fluoride Iodoacetate (anti-glycolytic)
27
Glucose load for adult
75g
28
Glucose load for pregnant
100g
29
Glucose load should be consumed within _
15 minutes
30
How many days of high carbohydrate diet for tolerance testing?
3-day
31
Normal Glucose Tolerance range
32
Impaired Glucose Tolerance Range
33
Provision Diabetes Diagnosis Range
>/= 200mg/dL (>/=11.1 mmol/L)
34
Enzyme that converts glucose to gluconic acid
Glucose oxidase
35
Reduced chromogen is converted to oxidized chromogen by?
Peroxidase
36
Oxidized chromogen is _-_ in color
Reddish-purple
37
Glucose is converted into glucose-6-phosphate via?
Hexokinase
38
G-6-PO4 is converted to NADPH and 6-phosphogluconate via?
G-6-PD
39
How many months of value can HbA1c can cover?
2-3 months
40
Normal range of HbA1c
4-6%
41
Machine or method of analysis based on charge differences between glycosylated and non-glycosylated hemoglobin
Cation-exchange chromatography Isoelectric Focusing Electrophoresis
42
Machine or method of analysis based on structural characteristics of glycogroups on hemoglobin
Affinity chromatography Immunoassay
43
An increase in plasma glucose levels
Hyperglycemia
44
A group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both
Diabetes Mellitus
45
Hallmarks for Diabetes Mellitus
Polyuria Polydipsia Polyphagia
46
Insulin-dependent; Cannot produce insulin at all; child onset
Type 1 DM
47
Non-insulin dependent; Can produce insulin but due to high sugar level, sugar become resistant to effects of insulin; adult onset
Type 2 DM
48
Reaction to body becoming slightly acidic due to ketoacidosis by kidney (blood pH)
Kussmaul-Kien respiration (hyperventilation)
49
Neurotransmitter for pancreatic function
Glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibodies
50
Enzymes that facilitates production of β-cell (insulin)
Tyrosine phosphatase IA-2 and IA-2B autoantibodies
51
In Type II DM, glucose and plasma osmolality can elevate up to
1000 mg/dL 320 mOsm/dL
52
Markers for Nephropathy or Chronic Kidney Disease (kidney function)
Elevated BUN and Creatinine
53
Low blood glucose concentration Typical hypoglycemia symptoms after fasting and/or intense exercise Symptoms alleviated by glucose administration
Whipple's Triad
54
Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism: Glucose-6-phosphatase
Ia / Von Gierke
55
Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism: Amylo-1,4-glucosidase / Acid maltase
II / Pompei
56
Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism: Amylo-1,6-glucosidase / Debrancher enzyme
III / Cori-Forbes
57
Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism: Amylopectinase / Glycogen branching enzyme
IV / Andersen
58
Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism: Muscle phosphorylase
V / McArdle
59
Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism: Liver glycogen phosphorylase
VI / Hers
60
Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism: Phosphofructokinase
VII / Tauri
61
Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism: Glycogen transporter 2
XI / Fanconi-Bickel
62
Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism: Glycogen synthetase
0
63
Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism: Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase
Galactosemia (NBS)
64
Cuprous ions + phosphomolybdate that produces blue complex
Folin-Wu
65
Cuprous ions + arsenomolybdat that produces blue complex
Nelson-Somogyi
66
Cuprous ions + neocuproine that produces yellow complex
Neocuproine
67
Folin-Wu reagent + citrate
Benedict’s
68
Folin-Wu reagent + tartrate
Fehling's
69
Yellow ferricyanide; Known as reverse colorimetry
Hagedorn-Jensen
70
Aromatic amines + glucose → glycosamine + green Schiff’s base
Ortho-toluidine / Dubowski

Clinical Chemistry 1 (5 decks)

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