Proteins

Question 1

Alkaline (behave as anions) and acidic
(behave as cation)

Answer 1

Amphoteric

Question 2

the pH at which an amino acid or
protein has no net charge

Answer 2

Isoelectric Point

Question 3

Take Note for Isoelectric Point!

Answer 3

pH > than pI then overall charge is negative

pH < than pI then overall charge is positive

Question 4

Caused by exposure to extreme temperature

Answer 4

Physical denaturation

Question 5

Caused by exposure to highly acidic or highly
alkaline environment

Answer 5

Chemical denaturation

Question 6

Pregnant women, growing children, and adults recovering from major illness (↑
intake > ↓ metabolite production) – during
buildup

Answer 6

Positive Metabolism

Question 7

Excessive tissue destruction, such as burns, wasting diseases, continual high fevers, or starvation (↑ metabolite production
> ↓ intake)

Answer 7

Negative Metabolism

Question 8

Biological catalyst; Markers of organ damage – leaks when organ damage is severe

Answer 8

Enzymes

Question 9

Chemical messengers / signaling molecules; Control cells/organs/organ system

Answer 9

Hormones

Question 10

Facilitate movement of ions, trace metals,
lipids and etc.

Answer 10

Transport Proteins

Question 11

Prevents cell lysis by facilitating the entry and
exit of water in the cells

Answer 11

Osmotic Force

Question 12

Marker of malnutrition (decreased uptake) and cystic fibrosis (increased excretion); Negative acute phase reactant; General transport protein

Answer 12

Albumin

Question 13

AKA transthyretin – transporter of thyroid
hormones (T3 and T4); Elevated in alcoholism, chronic renal failure, steroid treatment

Answer 13

Prealbumin

Question 14

Neutralizes neutrophil elastase (excess can
damage lungs); 90% of the α1-globulin fraction; Emphysema and cirrhosis; Elevated during inflammation, pregnancy, contraceptive

Answer 14

Antitrypsin

Question 15

Protect fetus from immune system of mother; Decreased in Down’s Syndrome and Edward’s
Syndrome; Hepatocellular carcinoma – tumor marker; Lens culinaris agglutinin - can be used for affinity chromatography

Answer 15

α-Fetoprotein

Question 16

Binds progesterone and cardioactive drugs; Cancer, inflammation, RA and AMI; RID and nephelometry

Answer 16

Acid glucoprotein / orosomucoid

Question 17

Integral in formation of amyloid
deposits in the brain; Increased level in serum of patients with Alzheimer’s diseases and chronic obstruction pulmonary disease (COPD); Inactivates prostate specific antigen

Answer 17

Antichymotrypsin

Question 18

A light chain and one or two heavy chains; Elevations in ITIs are often seen in
inflammatory disorders; Carcinogenesis

Answer 18

Inter-α-Trypsin Inhibitor

Question 19

Major carrier protein for vitamin D, fatty acids
and endotoxins; Cochemotactic factor in facilitating chemotaxis of neutrophils and monocytes

Answer 19

Gc-Globulin/Vitamin D-binding protein

Question 20

Binds free hemoglobin; Prevents removal of reusable components (iron and globin) in urine

Answer 20

Haptoglobin

Question 21

Transports copper; Decreased in Wilson’s and Menke’s disease

Answer 21

Ceruloplasmin

Question 22

Decreased copper since stored
coppers are excreted in urine and
deposited in tissues. Wilson’s or Menke’s?

Answer 22

Wilson’s

Question 23

Impaired intestinal absorption
causing decreased copper levels; Kinky-hair disease. Wilson’s or Menke’s?

Answer 23

Menke’s

Question 24

Copper deposited in cornea

Answer 24

Kayser-Fleischer rings

Question 25

Entrapment of proteases; Largest globulin next to immunoglobulins

Answer 25

Macroglobulin

Question 26

Bind and transport heme until it is converted to bilirubin

Answer 26

Hemopexin

Question 27

Light chain component of Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) – marker

Answer 27

Microglobulin

Question 28

Transporter of iron

Answer 28

Transferrin/Siderophilin

Question 29

Major marker of non-specific inflammation; C substance/polypeptide

Answer 29

CRP

Question 30

Recurrent antibody / marker of immunity; Can cross the placenta

Answer 30

IgG

Question 31

First antibody to be produced in the initial infection (largest antibody – pentameric structure)

Answer 31

IgM

Question 32

Present in secretions (dimeric)

Answer 32

IgA

Question 33

Produced in allergic reactions/parasitic infections

Answer 33

IgE

Question 34

Not normally found in serum / attached to B-lymphocytes (regulate B-cell function)

Answer 34

IgD

Question 35

Take Note for Protein!

Answer 35

Turbidity due to lipemia can affect the spectrophotometric analysis Recumbent position: relaxed position (slight decrease) Age – inversely proportional

Question 36

Protein MOA: Nitrogen in the presence of oxygen is heated to high temperature; Ozone is added to form nitrogen dioxide; As nitrogen dioxide undergo decay, it emits a _

Answer 36

Chemiluminiscence

Question 37

Albumin dye that is prone to interferences (alpha-1, alpha-2 and beta-globulins)

Answer 37

Methyl orange

Question 38

Albumin dye that has false elevation in antibiotics (penicillin, sulfonamide, conjugated bilirubin, aspirin)

Answer 38

2,4’-hydroxyaxobenzene-benzoic acid (HABA)

Question 39

Albumin dye that is prone to interference of hemoglobin, alpha-1 globulins (late-reacting)

Answer 39

Bromcresol green

Question 40

Albumin dye that is prone to interference of presence of bilirubin in sample (high)

Answer 40

Bromcresol purple

Question 41

Take Note for BCG/BCP

Answer 41

BCG/BCP prone to renal disease and kidney failure (BCG – overestimation, BCP – underestimation)

Question 42

Globulin dye produces what color in the presence of Cu2+ and an acid medium?

Answer 42

Purple complex

Question 43

Reference method for total protein determination

Answer 43

Kjeldahl

Question 44

Kjeldahl Precipitation is done with?

Answer 44

Tungstic acid / trichloroacetic acid

Question 45

Kjeldahl Digestion is done with?

Answer 45

Heat and sulfuric acid

Question 46

Kjeldahl Boiling: What temperature and what can be used as catalyst?

Answer 46

340-360 degrees Celsius Potassium sulfate

Question 47

Kjeldahl Nitrogen Conversion

Answer 47

Addition of ammonium bisulfate then distill with boric acid → ammonium borate

Question 48

Reagent – ammonium mercuric iodide; End color – yellow complex

Answer 48

Nesslerization

Question 49

Reagent – sodium nitroprusside, alkaline hypochlorite; End color – indophenol blue

Answer 49

Berthelot

Question 50

Formation of copper complex with peptide bonds (blue reagent – violet/purple complex end product)

Answer 50

Biuret

Question 51

Prevents reduction of copper (maintaining of charge) – reduced copper is color red (prevents precipitation of copper into brick red precipitate)

Answer 51

Sodium potassium tartrate

Question 52

Color developer for Biuret

Answer 52

NaOH

Question 53

Prevents oxidation of copper (antioxidant) in Biuret

Answer 53

KI

Question 54

Salt Fractionation – adding salts to remove globulins (example of salts)

Answer 54

Sodium sulfate

Question 55

Stains used in Protein Electrophoresis

Answer 55

Bromophenol blue Ponceau S Amido black Lissamine green Coomassie brilliant blue

Question 56

Total Protein is normal or decreased Albumin is decreased Globulin is increased

Answer 56

Hepatic Damage (Cirrhosis, Hepatitis, Obs Jaundice) Burns, Trauma Infection

Question 57

Total protein is decreased Albumin is decreased Globulin is normal

Answer 57

Malabsorption Inadequate Diet Nephrotic Syndrome

Question 58

Total Protein is decreased Albumin is normal Globulin is decreased

Answer 58

Immunodeficiency syndrome

Question 59

Total protein is decreased Albumin is decreased Globulin is decreased

Answer 59

Salt retention syndrome

Question 60

Total protein is decreased Albumin is decreased Globulin is increased

Answer 60

Dehydration

Question 61

Total protein is increased Albumin is normal Globulin is increased

Answer 61

Multiple myeloma Monoclonal and polyclonal gammopathies

Question 62

Increased alpha-2 and beta-globulins (increased lipoproteins)

Answer 62

Obstructive Jaundice

Question 63

Increased in gamma fraction; Hepatocellular damage

Answer 63

Infectious hepatitis

Question 64

Conversion Factor of Protein

Answer 64

10