Carbohydrates Flashcards
(180 cards)
1
Q
What are carbohydrates primarily made of?
A
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
2
Q
True or False: Carbohydrates are the body’s main source of energy.
A
True.
3
Q
What is the chemical formula for glucose?
A
C6H12O6.
4
Q
Fill in the blank: Carbohydrates can be classified into three main types: ______, ______, and ______.
A
sugars, starches, and fibers.
5
Q
What type of carbohydrate is sucrose?
A
A disaccharide.
6
Q
Which carbohydrate is known as blood sugar?
A
Glucose.
7
Q
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a polysaccharide? A) Fructose B) Cellulose C) Sucrose
A
B) Cellulose.
8
Q
What is the main function of dietary fiber?
A
To aid in digestion.
9
Q
True or False: Simple carbohydrates are digested more slowly than complex carbohydrates.
A
False.
10
Q
What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the body?
A
To provide energy.
11
Q
Fill in the blank: The storage form of glucose in animals is called ______.
A
glycogen.
12
Q
What are the two main categories of carbohydrates?
A
Simple carbohydrates and complex carbohydrates.
13
Q
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a source of carbohydrates? A) Bread B) Chicken C) Rice
A
B) Chicken.
14
Q
What type of fiber is soluble in water?
A
Soluble fiber.
15
Q
True or False: All carbohydrates are unhealthy.
A
False.
16
Q
What is the process called by which carbohydrates are broken down into glucose?
A
Glycolysis.
17
Q
Fill in the blank: Carbohydrates are often classified based on the number of sugar units: ______, ______, and ______.
A
monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
18
Q
What is the primary source of carbohydrates in a typical diet?
A
Plant-based foods.
19
Q
Multiple Choice: Which carbohydrate is primarily found in fruits? A) Starch B) Fiber C) Fructose
A
C) Fructose.
20
Q
What is the role of insulin in carbohydrate metabolism?
A
To help cells absorb glucose.
21
Q
True or False: High-fiber diets can help lower cholesterol levels.
A
True.
22
Q
What is the term for carbohydrates that are made up of three or more sugar units?
A
Oligosaccharides.
23
Q
Fill in the blank: The recommended daily intake of carbohydrates is ______ of total daily calories.
A
45-65%.
24
Q
Which carbohydrate is commonly used as a sweetener?
A
Sucrose.
25
What is a common effect of consuming too many simple carbohydrates?
Weight gain.
26
True or False: Carbohydrates are not necessary for a healthy diet.
False.
27
What hormone is primarily responsible for lowering blood glucose levels?
Insulin
28
True or False: Glucagon increases blood glucose levels.
True
29
What organ produces insulin?
Pancreas
30
Fill in the blank: The hormone that stimulates gluconeogenesis is _____.
Glucagon
31
Which hormone is released in response to low blood glucose levels?
Glucagon
32
Name the process by which glucose is formed from non-carbohydrate sources.
Gluconeogenesis
33
What effect does cortisol have on blood glucose levels?
It increases blood glucose levels.
34
Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal glands and raises blood glucose?
Cortisol
35
True or False: Epinephrine decreases blood glucose levels.
False
36
What role does the liver play in glucose regulation?
It stores and releases glucose.
37
What is the primary function of insulin in glucose metabolism?
To facilitate the uptake of glucose by cells.
38
Which type of diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance?
Type 2 diabetes
39
Name the hormone that is often referred to as the 'stress hormone' and impacts glucose metabolism.
Cortisol
40
What is the primary stimulus for insulin release?
Elevated blood glucose levels
41
True or False: Somatostatin inhibits the release of both insulin and glucagon.
True
42
What is the effect of growth hormone on glucose metabolism?
It increases blood glucose levels.
43
Fill in the blank: The pancreas contains clusters of cells known as _____.
Islets of Langerhans
44
What is the primary effect of glucagon on the liver?
To promote glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.
45
Which hormone is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response and affects glucose levels?
Epinephrine
46
What is glycogenolysis?
The breakdown of glycogen to glucose.
47
True or False: Insulin promotes lipogenesis.
True
48
What is the target tissue for insulin's action?
Muscle, fat, and liver tissues
49
Name a factor that can stimulate insulin secretion aside from blood glucose levels.
Amino acids
50
What is the role of the hypothalamus in glucose regulation?
It helps regulate appetite and energy balance.
51
Fill in the blank: The glucose transport protein that is insulin-dependent is called _____.
GLUT4
52
What condition results from insufficient insulin production?
Diabetes mellitus
53
What are monosaccharides?
Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates, consisting of single sugar molecules.
54
Give two examples of monosaccharides.
Glucose and fructose are two examples of monosaccharides.
55
True or False: Disaccharides are formed by the combination of two monosaccharides.
True.
56
What is the chemical formula for glucose?
C6H12O6.
57
What type of bond connects monosaccharides in disaccharides?
Glycosidic bond.
58
Name a common disaccharide.
Sucrose is a common disaccharide.
59
Fill in the blank: Lactose is a disaccharide composed of glucose and ________.
galactose.
60
What are polysaccharides?
Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates made up of long chains of monosaccharide units.
61
True or False: Starch is a type of polysaccharide.
True.
62
What is the primary storage form of carbohydrates in plants?
Starch.
63
Name one structural polysaccharide.
Cellulose is a structural polysaccharide.
64
What is the main difference between starch and cellulose?
Starch is digestible by humans, while cellulose is not.
65
Fill in the blank: Glycogen is the storage form of carbohydrates in ________.
animals.
66
True or False: All monosaccharides have the same molecular formula.
False.
67
What is the role of carbohydrates in the body?
Carbohydrates provide energy to the body.
68
Give an example of a reducing sugar.
Glucose is an example of a reducing sugar.
69
What reaction occurs when two monosaccharides combine to form a disaccharide?
A condensation reaction occurs.
70
What is the significance of the glycosidic bond in carbohydrates?
The glycosidic bond determines the structure and function of the carbohydrate.
71
Fill in the blank: The simplest form of sugar is a ________.
monosaccharide.
72
True or False: Polysaccharides can be both branched and unbranched.
True.
73
What is the primary function of cellulose in plants?
Cellulose provides structural support.
74
Name a food source rich in starch.
Potatoes are rich in starch.
75
What type of carbohydrate is sucrose classified as?
Disaccharide.
76
What are oligosaccharides?
Oligosaccharides are carbohydrates composed of a small number of monosaccharide units, typically 2 to 10.
77
Fill in the blank: ________ is a polysaccharide made of glucose units and is found in the liver and muscles.
Glycogen.
78
True or False: All carbohydrates are soluble in water.
False.
79
What distinguishes a ketose from an aldose?
A ketose has a ketone group, while an aldose has an aldehyde group.
80
What is hyperglycemia?
A condition characterized by an excessive amount of glucose in the blood.
81
True or False: Hyperglycemia is always a sign of diabetes.
False
82
What are common symptoms of hyperglycemia?
Increased thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, and blurred vision.
83
Fill in the blank: Hyperglycemia is defined as a blood glucose level greater than _____ mg/dL.
140
84
What are the long-term risks associated with untreated hyperglycemia?
Diabetes complications such as neuropathy, nephropathy, and retinopathy.
85
What is the primary hormone that lowers blood glucose levels?
Insulin
86
True or False: Stress can contribute to hyperglycemia.
True
87
What is a common cause of hyperglycemia in individuals with diabetes?
Insufficient insulin administration or resistance to insulin.
88
Multiple Choice: Which of the following can lead to hyperglycemia? A) Skipping meals B) Overeating C) Stress D) All of the above
D) All of the above
89
What is the medical term for high blood sugar?
Hyperglycemia
90
Which type of diabetes is associated with hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance?
Type 2 diabetes
91
Fill in the blank: The condition of extremely high blood sugar levels is known as _____ hyperglycemia.
severe
92
What is the recommended action for someone experiencing hyperglycemia?
Check blood sugar levels and consult a healthcare provider.
93
True or False: Physical activity can help lower blood glucose levels.
True
94
What is the term for dangerously high blood sugar levels, often above 600 mg/dL?
Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state (HHS)
95
What lifestyle change can help manage hyperglycemia?
Adopting a balanced diet and regular exercise.
96
Multiple Choice: Which of the following medications can help lower blood glucose? A) Metformin B) Ibuprofen C) Aspirin D) All of the above
A) Metformin
97
What role does glucagon play in blood glucose regulation?
It raises blood glucose levels by promoting glycogen breakdown.
98
True or False: Drinking water can help alleviate symptoms of hyperglycemia.
True
99
What is the relationship between hyperglycemia and the A1C test?
The A1C test measures average blood glucose levels over the past two to three months.
100
What is a potential acute complication of severe hyperglycemia?
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
101
Fill in the blank: Monitoring _____ is crucial for individuals with diabetes to manage hyperglycemia.
blood glucose levels
102
What dietary component should be limited to help manage hyperglycemia?
Simple carbohydrates and sugars.
103
Multiple Choice: Which symptom is least likely associated with hyperglycemia? A) Excessive thirst B) Confusion C) Sweating D) Blurred vision
C) Sweating
104
What is the primary goal of managing hyperglycemia in diabetes?
To maintain blood glucose levels within a target range.
105
What is the primary purpose of a glucose tolerance test?
To assess how well the body processes glucose.
106
True or False: A glucose tolerance test is used to diagnose diabetes.
True
107
What substance is administered during a glucose tolerance test?
Glucose
108
Fill in the blank: The glucose tolerance test typically measures blood glucose levels at _____ and _____ minutes after glucose ingestion.
0, 120
109
What is the typical fasting blood glucose level cut-off for diagnosing diabetes?
126 mg/dL or higher
110
What is the normal range for blood glucose levels two hours after ingesting glucose?
Less than 140 mg/dL
111
Multiple choice: Which of the following is NOT a preparation step for a glucose tolerance test? A) Fasting overnight B) Avoiding exercise C) Eating a high carbohydrate diet D) Drinking water
D) Drinking water
112
What condition can a glucose tolerance test help diagnose besides diabetes?
Gestational diabetes
113
True or False: A glucose tolerance test can be performed without prior fasting.
False
114
What is the standard glucose dose used in a glucose tolerance test?
75 grams
115
Fill in the blank: A glucose tolerance test is typically performed over a span of _____ hours.
Two
116
What is the significance of a 2-hour blood glucose level between 140 mg/dL and 199 mg/dL?
It indicates prediabetes.
117
What is the recommended action if a patient has a blood glucose level of 200 mg/dL or higher after a glucose tolerance test?
It suggests diabetes and further testing is needed.
118
Multiple choice: Which population is commonly screened using a glucose tolerance test? A) Elderly B) Pregnant women C) Athletes D) Children
B) Pregnant women
119
What can affect the results of a glucose tolerance test?
Medications, illness, and stress
120
True or False: The glucose tolerance test is a definitive test for diabetes.
False
121
What is the purpose of measuring blood glucose at multiple intervals during the test?
To observe how quickly the body clears glucose from the bloodstream.
122
Fill in the blank: A glucose tolerance test is often performed in conjunction with a _____ test.
Fasting blood glucose
123
What is a possible risk of undergoing a glucose tolerance test?
Nausea or vomiting due to glucose ingestion.
124
What does a blood glucose level of 140 mg/dL or higher but less than 200 mg/dL indicate?
Impaired glucose tolerance.
125
How long should a patient fast before a glucose tolerance test?
At least 8 hours
126
True or False: The glucose tolerance test is only used for diagnosing diabetes.
False
127
What is the preferred method for diagnosing diabetes in symptomatic patients?
Random blood glucose test
128
Multiple choice: After how many hours post-glucose ingestion is the second blood sample typically taken? A) 30 minutes B) 1 hour C) 2 hours D) 3 hours
C) 2 hours
129
What is indicated by a fasting blood glucose level of 100 to 125 mg/dL?
Prediabetes
130
Fill in the blank: The glucose tolerance test is also known as _____ test.
Oral glucose tolerance
131
What is glycosylated hemoglobin commonly referred to as?
HbA1c
132
True or False: Glycosylated hemoglobin levels reflect average blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 weeks.
False
133
What time frame do glycosylated hemoglobin levels typically reflect?
2-3 months
134
Fill in the blank: The percentage of hemoglobin that is glycosylated is used to monitor __________.
diabetes management
135
What does a higher HbA1c level indicate?
Poorer blood glucose control
136
What is the normal range for HbA1c in non-diabetic individuals?
Less than 5.7%
137
What HbA1c level indicates prediabetes?
5.7% to 6.4%
138
What HbA1c level is indicative of diabetes?
6.5% or higher
139
True or False: HbA1c testing is affected by recent food intake.
False
140
What is the primary factor that causes hemoglobin to become glycosylated?
Glucose concentration in the blood
141
Short answer: How is HbA1c measured?
Through blood tests
142
Multiple choice: Which of the following conditions can affect HbA1c levels? A) Anemia B) Chronic kidney disease C) Both A and B D) None of the above
C) Both A and B
143
Fill in the blank: The formation of glycosylated hemoglobin is a __________ reaction.
non-enzymatic
144
True or False: HbA1c levels can be used to diagnose type 1 diabetes.
True
145
What is the main advantage of using HbA1c over daily glucose monitoring?
It provides a longer-term view of blood glucose control.
146
Short answer: What is the recommended frequency of HbA1c testing for patients with diabetes?
Every 3 to 6 months
147
What role does glycosylated hemoglobin play in diabetes management?
It helps assess long-term glucose control.
148
Multiple choice: Which of the following is NOT a benefit of HbA1c testing? A) Assessing long-term glucose control B) Immediate glucose level assessment C) Guiding treatment decisions D) Monitoring disease progression
B) Immediate glucose level assessment
149
Fill in the blank: HbA1c levels are influenced by __________ factors such as hemoglobin variants.
biological
150
True or False: HbA1c testing can be performed at home using a fingerstick method.
True
151
What is the relationship between HbA1c and the risk of diabetes-related complications?
Higher HbA1c levels are associated with increased risk of complications.
152
Short answer: Name one method of reducing HbA1c levels.
Improving diet and increasing physical activity
153
Multiple choice: Which of the following is a common target HbA1c level for many adults with diabetes? A) 7% B) 8% C) 6% D) 5%
A) 7%
154
Fill in the blank: Glycosylated hemoglobin can also be referred to as __________ hemoglobin.
glycated
155
True or False: HbA1c can be used to monitor the effectiveness of diabetes medications.
True
156
What are ketones?
Ketones are organic compounds produced during the metabolism of fatty acids.
157
What is C-peptide?
C-peptide is a peptide that is released when insulin is produced by the pancreas.
158
True or False: Ketones are primarily produced in the liver.
True
159
Fill in the blank: Ketones are an alternative energy source during __________.
starvation or low carbohydrate intake
160
What is the primary function of C-peptide?
C-peptide serves as a marker for insulin production.
161
Multiple Choice: Which of the following conditions can lead to increased ketone production? A) Diabetes Mellitus B) Hypertension C) Hyperlipidemia D) None of the above
A) Diabetes Mellitus
162
What are the three main types of ketone bodies?
Acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone.
163
True or False: C-peptide levels can help differentiate between type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
True
164
What is the relationship between insulin and C-peptide?
C-peptide is released in equal amounts to insulin when proinsulin is cleaved.
165
Fill in the blank: High levels of ketones in the blood can lead to a condition known as __________.
ketoacidosis
166
What is the significance of measuring C-peptide levels in patients?
It helps assess the function of pancreatic beta cells.
167
Multiple Choice: Which of the following can cause low C-peptide levels? A) Insulinoma B) Type 1 Diabetes C) Obesity D) All of the above
B) Type 1 Diabetes
168
What metabolic state promotes ketone production?
Ketosis.
169
True or False: Ketones can be used by the brain as an energy source.
True
170
Fill in the blank: C-peptide testing is often used to evaluate __________.
insulinoma or insulin resistance
171
What is the primary cause of diabetic ketoacidosis?
Insufficient insulin levels leading to increased ketogenesis.
172
Multiple Choice: Which condition is least likely to elevate ketone levels? A) Fasting B) High carbohydrate diet C) Prolonged exercise D) Starvation
B) High carbohydrate diet
173
What role do ketones play in energy metabolism?
They provide an alternative energy source when glucose is scarce.
174
True or False: C-peptide has a longer half-life than insulin.
True
175
Fill in the blank: The presence of ketones in urine can indicate __________.
ketosis or diabetic ketoacidosis
176
What is the typical range for normal C-peptide levels in adults?
0.5 to 2.0 ng/mL.
177
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a symptom of ketoacidosis? A) Nausea B) Hyperactivity C) Hypertension D) Weight gain
A) Nausea
178
What is one potential complication of high ketone levels?
Diabetic ketoacidosis.
179
True or False: C-peptide is used as a treatment for diabetes.
False
180
Fill in the blank: The conversion of fatty acids to ketones occurs in the __________.
mitochondria of liver cells
