Carbohydrates

Question 1

Primary energy source stored primarily as

Answer 1

glycogen

Question 2

Disease states involved

Answer 2

hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia

Question 3

Contain ____ with ___functional groups

Answer 3

C, H, and O (Cx (H20)y C=O and –OH

Question 4

Metabolism of glucose to lactate or pyruvate

for production of energy

Answer 4

Glycolysis

Question 5

Formation of glucose-6-phosphate from non

carbohydrate source

Answer 5

Gluconeogenesis

Question 6

Breakdown of glycogen to glucose for use as

energy

Answer 6

Glycogenolysis

Question 7

Conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage

Answer 7

Glycogenesis

Question 8

Conversion of carbohydrates to fatty acids

Answer 8

Lipogenesis

Question 9

Decomposition of fat

Answer 9

Lipolysis

Question 10

Metabolism of glucose to lactate or

pyruvate for production of energy

Answer 10

Glycolysis

EMP Pathway

Question 11

Glucose –Insulin ATP +lactate/pyruvate

Answer 11

Glycolysis

EMP Pathway

Question 12

Formation of G-6-P from non

carbohydrate source

Answer 12

Gluconeogenesis

Question 13

Fats (ketone bodies), Protein (urea nitrogen)

Answer 13

Gluconeogenesis

Question 14

Conversion of glucose to glycogen

Answer 14

Glycogenesis

Question 15

Glucose –Insulin Glycogen

Answer 15

Glycogenesis

Question 16

Breakdown of glycogen to G-6-P

Glycogen –Glucagon Glucose

Answer 16

Glycogenolysis

Question 17

Insulin (Hypoglycemic agent)

Answer 17

decreasing ↓ glucose
syn from the β cells of the islets of Langerhan
↑ glycogenesis, glycolysis, lipogenesis; and ↓ glycogenolysis.

Question 18

Glucagon (hyperglycemic agent)

Answer 18

Primary hormone responsible increasing blood glucose
Synthesized by the α cells of the islets of Langerhan (pancreas)
↑ glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.

Question 19

Epinephrine

Answer 19

Produced by the adrenal medulla, ↑ blood glucose
Released during times of physical and emotional stress
Inhibits insulin secretion, ↑ glycogenolysis and lipolysis

Question 20

Cortisol

Answer 20

Produced by the adrenal cortex, ↑ plasma glucose

↓ intestinal entry of glucose into the cell, ↑ gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis and lipolysis

Question 21

Growth hormone

Answer 21

Produced by the anterior pituitary gland; ↑ plasma glucose

↓ glucose entry to cells, ↑ glycolysis

Question 22

Thyroxine

Answer 22

Produced by the thyroid gland; ↑ plasma glucose

↑ glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis and glucose intestinal absorption

Question 23

Somastostatin

Answer 23

Produced by the Delta cells of the islet of Langerhans in the pancreas and hypothalamus
↑ plasma glucose by inhibition of insulin, glucagon, GH, etc.

Question 24

Metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both

Answer 24

Diabetes Mellitus

Question 25

β-Cell destruction Absolute insulin deficiency Autoantibodies

Answer 25

Type 1 (IDDM)

Question 26

5-10% of all cases of diabetes Occurs in childhood and adolescence Absence of Insulin with excess in glucagon

Answer 26

Type 1 (IDDM)

Question 27

Adult onset | 90% of all cases of diabetes

Answer 27

Type 2 (NIDDM)

Question 28

``` Insulin resistance w/ secretory defect Relative insulin deficiency ↑ with age, obesity and lack of exercise Insulin is present (hyperinsulinemia) Glucagon secretion is attenuated ```

Answer 28

Type 2 (NIDDM)

Question 29

``` Characteristics Type 2 (NIDDM) ```

Answer 29

Type 2 (NIDDM) Non Insulin dependent Ketosis tendency is seldom Greater tendency to develop hyperosmolar states Polydipsia, Polyphagia, Polyuria

Question 30

Glucose intolerance during pregnancy | Due to metabolic and hormonal changes

Answer 30

Gestational