Carbohydrates

Question 1

What are carbohydrates made up of

Answer 1

C, H, O

Question 2

What is the general formula for Carbohydrates

Answer 2

Cn (H2O)n : N=(3-9)

Question 3

What are 4 common dietary carbohydrates

Answer 3

Starch, Sucrose, Dietary fiber, and Lactose

Question 4

What is the nutritional reservoir of CH in plants

Answer 4

Starch

Question 5

Starch is a polysaccharide of

Answer 5

Glucose

Question 6

What is amylose

Answer 6

unbranched form of starch

Question 7

What is amylopectin

Answer 7

The branched form of starch

Question 8

natural sweetener and found in fruits and vegetables

Answer 8

Sucrose

Question 9

Sucrose is a disaccharide of ___ and ____

Answer 9

glucose and fructose

Question 10

What is the origin of dietary fiber

Answer 10

plants

Question 11

A major dietary carbohydrate of animal origin

Answer 11

Lactose

Question 12

Lactose is a disaccharide of ____ and _____

Answer 12

glucose and galactose

Question 13

What is the simplest form of carbohydrates

Answer 13

Monosaccharides

Question 14

What are some examples of monosaccharides

Answer 14

Glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose

Question 15

What are two monosaccharides

Answer 15

Disaccharides

Question 16

Maltose, lactose, and sucrose are all

Answer 16

disaccharides

Question 17

Glycolipids and glycoproteins are

Answer 17

oligosaccharides

Question 18

what are oligosaccharides

Answer 18

3-10 monosaccharides

Question 19

What are polysaccharides

Answer 19

> 10 monosaccharides

Question 20

Glycogen, starch, and cellulose are all

Answer 20

polysaccharides

Question 21

what are epimers

Answer 21

diastereomers that differ in configuration of only one stereogenic (chiral) center

Question 22

D-glucose and D-Galactose are examples of

Answer 22

epimers

Question 23

What three components will help to identify a monosaccharide

Answer 23

Carbon number
Functional group
Stereoisomer form

Question 24

What are the smallest monosaccharides

Answer 24

3 carbon atoms (triose)
dihydroxyacetone
D and L- glceraldehyde

Question 25

The D and L nomenclature of a monosaccharide is determined by

Answer 25

position of the OH group farthest from carbonyl carbon

Question 26

Most sugars are in _____ series in humans

Answer 26

D

Question 27

Constitutional isomeers

Answer 27

differ in the order of attachment of atoms

Question 28

Enantiomers

Answer 28

Nonsuperimposable mirror images

Question 29

What are two forms of diastereoisomers

Answer 29

Epimers | Anomers

Question 30

What are anomers

Answer 30

differ at new asymmetric carbon upon ring closure | ex. alpha-D-glucose and beta-D-glucose

Question 31

What are epimers

Answer 31

differ at one of several asymmetric carbons | ex. D-Glucose and D-mannose (or D-galactose)

Question 32

Diastereoisomers

Answer 32

isomers that are not mirror images

Question 33

How is a pyranose formed

Answer 33

mutarotation of D-Glucose leads to ring closure

Question 34

How is a furanose formed

Answer 34

mutarotation of D-Fructose leads to ring closure

Question 35

What is the the preferred form alpha-D-Glucopyranose or beta-D-Glucopyranose

Answer 35

Beta-D-glucopyranose

Question 36

What is the difference between an alpha anemia and a beta anomer

Answer 36

The alpha anomer is on the opposite side of the ring as the Ch2OH The beta anomer is on the same side of the ring from the CH2OH

Question 37

In solution monosaccarides mostly exist as

Answer 37

ring structure

Question 38

Does fructose form both pyranose and furanose rings

Answer 38

yes (pyranose from predominates in fructose that is free in solution, and the furanose form predominates in many fructose derivatives)

Question 39

Deoxyaldose

Answer 39

is a chemically modified monosaccharide derivative | it is a major component of DNA

Question 40

Acetylated amino sugars

Answer 40

chemically modified monosaccharide derivative | They are components of glycoproteins and glycolipids (cell signaling, cell adhesion, immune response)

Question 41

Acidic sugars

Answer 41

Chemically modified monosaccharide derivatives glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans. present in cell membrane and in the extracellular matrix

Question 42

Sugar esters

Answer 42

Chemically modified monosaccharide derivative | constituted the gangliosides in oligodendrocyte of the nervous system

Question 43

Sugar alcohols (e.g. mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol)

Answer 43

Chemically modified monosaccharide derivatives food additives, gains importance in uncontrolled diabetes leading to cataracts and peripheral neuropathy used in synthesis of lipids

Question 44

sucrose shows what kind of linkage

Answer 44

1-2-glycosidic linkage

Question 45

Lactose demonstrates what kind of linkage

Answer 45

1-4 glycosidic linkage

Question 46

Maltose demonstrates what kind of linkage

Answer 46

1-4 glycosidic linkage

Question 47

starch amylose is a polysaccharide of glucose residues linked with

Answer 47

alpha 1,4-glycosidic bonds

Question 48

Amylopecin is amylose with the addition of

Answer 48

alpha 1,6 glycosidic branch points

Question 49

Cellulose unbranched polymer of glucose residues joined by

Answer 49

Beta-1,4 linkages

Question 50

Starch and glycogen use what kind of linkage

Answer 50

alpha 1,4-glycosidic linkages, these are bent and better for storage

Question 51

O-linkage uses the oxygen on

Answer 51

Serine

Question 52

N-linked glycosidic bonds uses the N on the

Answer 52

Asn

Question 53

The first sugar added to an o-linked glycosidic bond is always

Answer 53

xylose

Question 54

Types of Glycoaminoglycans

Answer 54

Chondroitin sulphate Dermatan sulphate Heparan sulphate Keratan sulfate