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Carbohydrates Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

Classified according to the number of saccharide (basic ring structure) units that make up their structure

A

Carbohydrates

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2
Q

Carbohydrates structure

A

CHO

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3
Q

Example of carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharide
Disaccharide
Polysaccharide

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4
Q

Simple carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharide

Disaccharide

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5
Q

Complex carbohydrates

A

Polysaccharide

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6
Q

Examples of monosaccharides

A

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

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7
Q

Examples of disaccharides

A

Sucrose
Lactose
Maltose

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8
Q

Examples of polysaccharides

A 
Digestible -
Starch
Glycogen
Indigestible -
Dietary Fiber
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9
Q

Building blocks for all carbohydrates
Require no digestion
Utilization is dependent on energy demands

A

Monosaccharides

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10
Q

Monosaccharides advantage

A

Used for immediate energy

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11
Q

Monosaccharides disadvantage

A

Stored as glycogen for later use

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12
Q

Basic single sugar in human metabolism
Form of sugar circulating in the blood
Prinary fuel for cells

A

Glucose

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13
Q

Primarily found in fruits and honey

A

Fructose

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14
Q

Manufactured by changing the glucose in cornstarch into fructose
Heavily used in processed food products

A

High-fructose corns syrups (HFCS)

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15
Q

Not usually found as free monosaccharide in the diet

Product of lactose digestion

A

Galactose

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16
Q

Simple double sugars

Composed of two single-sugar units linked together

A

Disaccharides

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17
Q

Sucrose composition

A

Glucose

Fructose

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18
Q

Lactose composition

A

Glucose

Galactose

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19
Q

Maltose composition

A

Glucose

Glucose

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20
Q

Common table sugar
Made from sugar cane or sugar beets
Used in the form of granulated, powdered, or brown sugar

A

Sucrose

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21
Q

Sugar in milk and formed in mammary glands
Only common sugar not found in plants
Less soluble and less sweet than sucrose
Remains in the intestine longer than others

A

Lactose

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22
Q

Not usually found as such in food form

Derived within the body from the intermediate digestive breakdown of starch

A

Maltose

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23
Q

Complex carbohydrates

Composed of many sugar units

A

Polysaccharides

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24
Q

Examples of polysaccharides

A

Starch
Glycogen
Fiber

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25
Comprised of glucose monomers joined in alpha 1,4 linkages Break down more slowly Supply energy over a longer period of time
Starch
26
Types of starch
Amylose | Amylopectin
27
Simplest form: | Linear polymer
Amylose
28
Branched form:
Amylopectin
29
Examples of starchy food
Starchy vegetables Grains Legumes
30
Examples of starchy vegetables
Root crops Bulgur corn Others
31
Examples of grains
``` Cereal Pasta Crackers Bread Baked goods ```
32
Examples of legumes
Beans | Peas
33
Flours, breads, or cereals that are produced from unrefined grain
Whole grains
34
Anatomy of a grain
Bran layers Inner germ Endosperm
35
Protects the seed
Bran layers
36
Nourishment for the seed
Inner germ
37
Energy for the seed
Endosperm
38
Types of refined grains
Enriched | Fortified
39
Refined grain products to which some vitamins and minerals are added back that were removed during the refining process Fiber is not added back
Enriched
40
Examples of enriched refined grains
``` Addition of: Riboflavin Niacin Thiamin Folate Iron ```
41
Refined grain products to which nutrients are added in large amounts
Fortified
42
Example of fortified refined grains
Iron-fortified rice
43
Main storage form of glucose in the body - not a dietary carbohydrate Formed within the body's tissues
Glycogen
44
Types of glycogen
Muscle glycogen | Liver glycogen
45
Serves as fuel reserve for the synthesis of ATP during muscle contraction
Muscle contraction
46
Sustain normal blood glucose levels during short-term fasting periods
Liver glycogen
47
Cannot be digested by humans because of the lack of necessary enzymes Can either be soluble or insoluble with water
Dietary Fiber
48
Functions of dietary fiber
Feel full longer Lowers blood lipids and cholesterol Lowers colon cancer risk Boost overall gut health
49
Types of Fibre
Soluble | Insoluble
50
Dissolve in water and slow down digestion to give that full feeling
Soluble fibre
51
Add bulk to diet and help with constipation, have that "laxative" benefit
Insoluble fibre
52
Examples of soluble fibre
``` Outmeal Lentils Apples Oranges Nuts Flax seeds ```
53
Examples of insoluble fibre
``` Barley Couscous Brown rice Zucchini Broccoli Cabbage ```
54
Food groups that provide needed dietary fiber
Whole grains Legumes Vegetables Fruits with skin
55
Functions of Carbohydrates
``` Basic fuel supple Reserve fuel supple Muscle glycogen Liver glycogen CNS Protein and fat sparing ```
56
Carbohydrates absorption
Mouth Liver Stomach Small Intestine
57
How do carbohydrates affect our bloodstream
Glycemic Index Glycemix Load Insulin Index
58
Measure of how quickly and significantly a given carb can raise the blood sugar
Glycemic Index
59
Alternative measure to GI, based on GI multiplies by the serving size of ghe food
Glycemic Load
60
Measures the amount of insulin the body produces in response to a particular food
Insulin Index
61
GI =
(Glucose response to test food / glucose response to standard food (50g carb)) x 100
62
GL =
(Carb content x GI) / 100
63
Not always consistent with GI and GL | High-protein and high fat food stimulate stronger insulin responses
Insulin Index
64
Increase in blood sugar results to
Insulin release Insulin "unlocks" the cell Higher glucose intake in cells
65
Factors that affect adequate carbohydrate intake
``` Body composition Level of activity Life stage Intake Goals ```

Nutrition (5 decks)

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