Proteins

Question 1

Basic unit of proteins

Answer 1

Amino Acid

Question 2

Amino acid structure

Answer 2

Amino group
Sude chain
Carboxyl group

Question 3

Protein structure

Answer 3

Single amino acid + single amino acid = dipeptide

Question 4

Protein digestion in stomach

Answer 4

HCl
Pepsin
Rennin/chymosin

Question 5

Activates pepsinogen

Answer 5

HCl

Question 6

Complex proteins - polypeptides

Answer 6

Pepsin

Question 7

Enzyme only present during infancy and childhood

Act on the casein of milk to produce curd - allows slow passage through the small intestine

Answer 7

Rennin/chymosin

Question 8

Types of secretions in the small intestine

Answer 8

Pacreatic secretions

Intestinal secretions

Question 9

Pancreatic secretions

Answer 9

Trypsin
Chymotrypsin
Carboxypeptidase

Question 10

Breaks long protein chains into small polypeptides and dipeptides

Answer 10

Trypsin

Question 11

Continues protein-splitting action of trypsin

Answer 11

Chymotrypsin

Question 12

Attacks carboxyl ends or peptide chains - small peptides and free amino acids

Answer 12

Carboxypeptidase

Question 13

Intestinal Secretions

Answer 13

Aminopeptidase

Dipeptidase

Question 14

Attacks amino end of peptude chains - small peptides and free amino acids

Answer 14

Aminopeptidase

Question 15

Final enzyme in the protein-splitting action system

Completes the job by breaking the remaining dipeptides into two individual amino acids

Answer 15

Dipeptidase

Question 16

No absorption of peptides longer than 3 amino acids

Di- and tri-peptides more rapidly absorbed than individual amino acids

Answer 16

Small intestine digestion

Question 17

Most amino acid go to the

Answer 17

Liver

Question 18

Unlike carbohydrates and fat, proteins are

Answer 18

Continuously recycled

Question 19

Proteins metabolism

Answer 19

Protein synthesis
Protein breakdown
Exported out to the systemic circulation

Question 20

Protein synthesis (anabolism)

Answer 20

20g

Question 21

Protein breakdown (catabolism)

Answer 21

60g

Question 22

Exported out of the sytemic circulation

Answer 22

20g

Question 23

Proteins provide

Answer 23

Amino acids
Nitrogen atoms
Energy

Question 24

Almost and exclusive source of nitrogen to the body

Answer 24

Dietary protein

Question 25

Respresents protein utilization and its loss from the body | Determined by the comparing the intake of nitrogen and excretion in the urine, feces, and sweat

Answer 25

Nitrogen balance

Question 26

Positive nitrogen balance

Answer 26

Synthesis > Degradation

Question 27

Negative nitrogen balance

Answer 27

Synthesis < Degradation

Question 28

Equilibrium nitrogen balance

Answer 28

Synthesis = degradation

Question 29

Examples of positive nitrogen balance

Answer 29

Growth | Pregnance body building

Question 30

Examples of negative nitrogen balance

Answer 30

Starvation Injuries Cancer cachexia

Question 31

Equilibrium nitrogen balance

Answer 31

Healthy adults eating a balanced diet

Question 32

Amino acid types

Answer 32

From diet only | Broduced by the body

Question 33

From diet only | Cannot be made by the body

Answer 33

Essential

Question 34

Essential amino acid examples

Answer 34

``` Phenylalanine Valine Threonine Tryptophan Isoleucine Methionine Histidine Leucine Lysine ```

Question 35

Produced by the body

Answer 35

Conditional | Non-Essential

Question 36

Can be made by the body, but need more in times of growth, illness, stress

Answer 36

Conditional

Question 37

Can be made by the body

Answer 37

Non-Essential

Question 38

Examples of conditional amino acids

Answer 38

``` Arginine Asparagine Glutamine Glycine Proline Serine Tyrosine ```

Question 39

Examples of non-easential amino acids

Answer 39

Alanine Aspartate Cysteine Glutamine

Question 40

30-40% of essential amino acids; help with recovery and muscle growth

Answer 40

Branched-chain amino acids

Question 41

Examples of branched-chain amino acids

Answer 41

Leucine Isoleucine Valine

Question 42

Dietary protein types

Answer 42

Complete | Incomplete

Question 43

Contains all the 9 essential amino acids

Answer 43

Complete proteins

Question 44

Animal-based proteins examples

Answer 44

``` Meat Poultry Dairy Eggs Fish ```

Question 45

Only known plant-based complete protein

Answer 45

Soy

Question 46

Contains some but not all 9 essential amino acids

Answer 46

Incomplete proteins

Question 47

Plant-based proteins examples

Answer 47

Vegetables Grains Legumes Nuts/Seeds

Question 48

Combining foods that complement limiting amino acids

Answer 48

Complementary Proteins

Question 49

Types of vegetarians

Answer 49

``` Vegans Lacto-vegetarians Lacto-ovo-vegetarians Pesco-vegetarians Semi-vegetarians Plant-based ```

Question 50

Avoid all animal products

Answer 50

Vegans

Question 51

Avoid meat, fish and eggs, but eat dairy foods

Answer 51

Lacto-vegetarians

Question 52

Avoid meat and fish but eat dairy foods and eggs

Answer 52

Lacto-ovo-vegetarians

Question 53

Avoid meat but include fish and/or shellfish, dairy foods and eggs

Answer 53

Pesco-vegetarians

Question 54

Eat small amounts of animal products

Answer 54

Semi-vegetarians

Question 55

Atleast 2/3 of the diet is made up of plant-based foods. Less than 1/3 comes from animal products

Answer 55

Plant-based

Question 56

Functions of Proteins

Answer 56

``` Primary tissue building pH balance Water balance Metabolism and transport Immune system Energy system ```

Question 57

Factors that influence protein needs

Answer 57

Tissue growth Illness or disease Dietary protein quality

Question 58

Recommended protein intake

Answer 58

About 0.8 protein/kg of body mass of adults

Question 59

Acute protein deficiency

Answer 59

Kwashiorkor

Question 60

Chronic nutrient deficiency

Answer 60

Marasmus