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Human Nutrition & Metabolism > Carbohydrates and dietary starch > Flashcards

Carbohydrates and dietary starch Flashcards

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1
Q

Carbohydrates

What are the roles of carbs?

A

Metabolic fuel and energy store
Structural component of cell walls
Component of nucleic acids
Link with proteins and lipids

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2
Q

Carbohydrates

What are single units of carbs classed as?

A

Monosaccharides

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3
Q

Carbohydrates

What are 2 units of carbs classed as?

A

Disaccharides

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4
Q

Carbohydrates

What are 3-9 units of carbs classed as?

A

Oligosaccharides

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5
Q

Carbohydrates

What are 10+ units of carbs classed as?

A

Polysaccharides

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6
Q

Carbohydrates

What is the degree of polymerisation?

A

Number of carbon atoms

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7
Q

Carbohydrates

What parts of DNA and RNA are carbs?

A

Deoxyribose

Ribose

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8
Q

Carbohydrates

What is the main way the body stores carbs?

A

Glycogen

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9
Q

Carbohydrates

What are isomers?

A

Molecules with the same molecular structure but different chemical structures

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10
Q

Carbohydrates

How are glucose and fructose related?

A

They’re isomers

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11
Q

Carbohydrates

Which form of glucose can humans digest and why?

A

α-glucose

Human digestive enzymes can only digest α-linkages

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12
Q

Carbohydrates

What’s the difference between α and β glucose?

A

α glucose: H is up on 1C, OH bottom

β glucose: OH is up on 1C, H bottom

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13
Q

Carbohydrates

What are the uses for fibre?

A

Doesn’t cause a blood glucose spike (good for diabetics)

Can be used by bacteria in the large intestines

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14
Q

Carbohydrates

Cariogenic

A

Produces or promotes the development of tooth decay

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15
Q

Carbohydrates

What is a non-cariogenic alternative to sugar?

A

Polyols (sugar alcohols)

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16
Q

Carbohydrates

Polyols

A

Occur naturally in fruits
Water soluble
Vary in sweetness
Non-cariogenic

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17
Q

Carbohydrates

Are most ogliosaccharides digestible?

A

No

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18
Q

Carbohydrates

Which is easier to break down, branched or linear structures, and why?

A

Branched

Linear structures can become more compact

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19
Q

Carbohydrates

What is a digestible ogliosaccharide?

A

Maltodextrin

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20
Q

Carbohydrates

What food contains ogliosaccharides?

A

Soybeans
Lentils
Legume seeds

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21
Q

Carbohydrates

What happens when the ogliosaccharides in beans aren’t broken down?

A

Causes flatulence

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22
Q

Carbohydrates

Name two digestible polysaccharides

A

Starch

Glycogen

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23
Q

Carbohydrates

Name 3 non digestible polysaccharides

A

Cellulose
Pectin
β-glucan

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24
Q

Carbohydrates

What is the composition of starch?

A 
Linear amylose (20-30%)
Branched amylopectin (70-80%)
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25
# Carbohydrates What are good sources of starch?
Potato Rice Wheat
26
# Carbohydrates Glycogen
The way excess glucose is stored in the liver
27
# Carbohydrates Glycemic carbohydrates
Can be hydrolysed by enzymes in gastrointestinal tract to monosaccharides Absorbed in small intestine Used in CHO metabolism
28
# Carbohydrates Non-glycemic carbohydrates
Not hydrolysed by enzymes in gastrointestinal tract | May ferment in the large intestine
29
# Carbohydrates What is amylose broken down into?
Maltotriose | Maltose
30
# Carbohydrates What is amylopectin broken down into?
Maltotriose Maltose Dextrins
31
# Carbohydrates What enzymes (in order) digest ogliosaccharides?
``` Maltase Maltase α-dextrinase α-dextrinase Maltase Sucrase ```
32
# Carbohydrates How are ogliosaccharides digested?
In steps using enzymes that remove one glucose molecule at a time
33
# Carbohydrates What do sugar transporters do?
Have individual roles | But together they move sugar from the intestine lumen into the blood
34
# Carbohydrates What does SGLT1 do?
Sugar transporter | Moves Na+ and glucose/galactose in the enterocyte
35
# Carbohydrates What are the cells of the intestinal lining called?
Enterocytes
36
# Carbohydrates Where do you find the GLUT variety of sugar transporters?
All cells
37
# Carbohydrates Where do you find GLUT 4?
Adipose tissue | Skeletal muscle
38
# Carbohydrates Which sugar transporter is controlled by a hormone? | Which hormone?
GLUT 4 | Insulin
39
# Carbohydrates What does GLUT 5 do?
Moves fructose into the enterocyte
40
# Carbohydrates What does GLUT 2 do?
Transports sugars from the enterocyte into the blood
41
# Carbohydrates Ways that CHO can be metabolised in tissues
Glycolysis Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle Anaerobic respiration
42
# Carbohydrates What is the overall effect of glycolysis?
6C glucose broken down into two lots of 3C pyruvic acid | Some ATP produced
43
# Carbohydrates High fructose corn syrup
Less expensive sweetening agent | Health concern about the amount of fructose present
44
# Carbohydrates Why is digesting large amounts of fructose bad?
In large amounts it is converted directly into fat | Can cause obesity
45
# Carbohydrates What happens when there is excess glucose in the blood?
Triggers release of insulin from the pancreas | Excess glucose converted into glycogen
46
# Carbohydrates What does glycogenin do?
Starts glucogen production in the muscles
47
# Carbohydrates Glycogenolysis
Regulated by hormones | Glycogen is broken down into glucose
48
# Carbohydrates What hormones control glycogenolysis?
Glucagon | Adrenaline
49
# Carbohydrates Gluconeogenesis
Glucose synthesis from non-carbohydrate sources
50
# Carbohydrates What sources are used in gluconeogenesis?
Lactate Pyruvate Glycerol Amino acids
51
# Carbohydrates Cori cycle
Lactate is produced in the muscles during exercise and transported to the liver This is converted to glucose which can then be used by the muscles
52
# Carbohydrates Glucose-Alanine cycle
The pyruvate created in muscles when glucose is broken down is further broken down to alanine This is transported in the blood to the liver Alanine converted back into pyruvate to be used to make glucose
53
# Carbohydrates Which metabolic pathway creates glucose from non-carbohydrate sources?
Gluconeogensis
54
# Carbohydrates Which metabolic pathway converts glucose to glycogen?
Glycogenesis
55
# Carbohydrates Which metabolic pathway converts glycogen to glucose?
Glycogenolysis
56
# Carbohydrates Which metabolic pathway converts glucose to pyruvate which can then be used in further steps of ATP production?
Glycolysis
57
# Carbohydrates Krebs cycle
Pyruvic acid from glycolysis enters mitochondrial fluid matrix Produces NADH-H+, FADH2 some ATP
58
# Carbohydrates Dietary fibre
Edible parts of plants or analogous carbs Are resistant to digestion and absorption in the small intestine Completely or partially ferment in large intestine
59
# Carbohydrates What can dietary fibre promote?
Laxation Blood cholesterol attenuation Blood glucose attenuation
60
# Carbohydrates What are the two types of dietary fibre?
Soluble | Insoluble
61
# Carbohydrates Which type of fibre ferments?
Soluble dietary fibre
62
# Carbohydrates Which type of dietary fibre is more viscous?
Soluble
63
# Carbohydrates Lignin
Dietary fibre Present in plants Polyphenol (not a carb)
64
# Carbohydrates What does hydration and viscosity result in?
``` Delayed gastric emptying Reduced mixing of GI contents with digestive enzymes Reduced enzyme function Decreased nutrition diffusion rate Altered transit time ```
65
# Carbohydrates Gastric emptying
Movement of food from stomach to intestines
66
# Carbohydrates Hypoglycaemic
Low blood sugar levels
67
# Carbohydrates Hypolipodemic
Low lipid content
68
# Carbohydrates Bile acids
Emulsifies fat - makes it soluble
69
# Carbohydrates How are bile acids made?
With cholesterols in the liver
70
# Carbohydrates What happens if lignins, gums, pectins and/or hemicelluloses bind enzymes and nutrients?
Diminished absorption of lipids Increased faecal bile acid excretion Lowered serum cholesterol concentration Altered mineral and carotenoid absorbtion
71
# Carbohydrates What fibres are fermentable?
``` Fructans Pectin Gums Psyllium Polydextrose Resistant starch ```
72
# Carbohydrates What type of fibre increases faecal bulk?
Non-digestible
73
# Carbohydrates Resistant starch
Starch and products of starch | Not absorbed in the small bowel
74
# Carbohydrates RS1
Physically inaccessible starch | Present in most grains
75
# Carbohydrates RS2
Resistant starch granules | Found in raw potato and green bananas
76
# Carbohydrates RS3
Retrograde starch | Caused by some food processing techniques
77
# Carbohydrates RS4
Modified starches
78
# Carbohydrates Low density lipoproteins
Transports cholesterol from the liver to the tissues
79
# Carbohydrates High density lipoproteins
Transports cholesterol from the tissue to the liver to be used by the liver
80
# Carbohydrates Which type of lipoprotein is the bad one?
LDL
81
# Carbohydrates What value equates to low GI?
~50 and less

Human Nutrition & Metabolism (6 decks)

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