Water soluble vitamins

Question 1

What is one of the main roles of B vitamins?

Answer 1

Provides co-enzymes for energy motabolism

Question 2

How are B vitamins excreted?

Answer 2

In urine

Question 3

B vitamin strorage

Answer 3

There is no B vitamin storage site

Question 4

How many B vitamins are there?

Answer 4

8

Question 5

What is the name of B1?

Answer 5

Thiamin

Question 6

What is the name of B2?

Answer 6

Riboflavin

Question 7

What is the name of B3?

Answer 7

Niacin

Question 8

What is the name of B5?

Answer 8

Pantothenic acid

Question 9

What is the name of B12?

Answer 9

Cobalamin

Question 10

What are the individual B vitamins?

Answer 10

Thiamin
Riboflavin
Niacin
Pantothenic acid
Vitamin B6
Biotin
Folic acid
Cobalamin

Question 11

What is the name of B7?

Answer 11

Biotin

Question 12

What is the name of B9?

Answer 12

Folic acid

Question 13

What is thiamin pyrophosphate involved in?

Answer 13

Converting pyruvate to acetyl CoA
Citric acid cycle
Required during pentose phosphate pathway
Affects nervous system
Affects formation of acetyl choline from ecetyl CoA

Question 14

What coenzyme is thiamin important for?

Answer 14

Thiamin pyrophoshate (TPP)

Question 15

What doe thiamin pyrophosphate do in the pentose phosphate pathway?

Answer 15

Produces ribose-5-phosphate for nucleic acid synthesis

Question 16

What are the symptoms of thiamin deficiency?

Answer 16

Loss of appetite
Cardiac enlargement
Oedema
Increased pyruvate and lactate

Question 17

What are sources of thiamin?

Answer 17

Whole grains
Meat and fish
Pulses
Nuts

Question 18

What is the RDI of thiamin?

Answer 18

1 mg/day

Question 19

What can cause thiamin levels in foods to be reduced?

Answer 19

Cooking
Exposure to light
Polyphenols

Question 20

Excessive consumption of what can interfere with thiamin absorption into blood circulation?

Answer 20

Alcohol

Question 21

What can a thiamin deficiency lead to?

Answer 21

Either dry or wet beriberi (never at the same time)

Question 22

Dry beriberi

Answer 22

Thiamin defeciency

Causes loss of sensation in feet and inabality to lift feet

Question 23

Wet beriberi

Answer 23

Thiamin deficiency
Pyruvate and lactate accumulate in the blood
This causes intense vasodilation
Results in cardiac failure, odeoma and cardiac enlargment

Question 24

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

Answer 24

Common in alcoholics
Thiamin is needed for alcohol metabolism
Alcohol consumption inhibits thiamin absorption
Causes loss of recent memory, low consciousness and coordination and paralysis of eye movement

Question 25

Which disease caused by thiamin deficiency happens to active people?

Answer 25

Beriberi

Question 26

Which disease caused by thiamin deficiency happens to inactive people?

Answer 26

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

Question 27

What coeznymes are riboflavin part of?

Answer 27

``` Flavin mononuecleotide (FMN) Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) ```

Question 28

What are the coenzymes of riboflavin involved in?

Answer 28

Electron transport chain Krebs cycle Fatty acid oxidation Amino acid oxidation

Question 29

What are the source of riboflavin?

Answer 29

``` Milk and milk products Eggs Liver Kidney Fortified breakfast cereals ```

Question 30

What destroys riboflavin?

Answer 30

Exposure to light

Question 31

What does riboflavin deficiency cause?

Answer 31

Lesions to the margin of the lips and the corners of the mouth Magenta coloured tongue Affects lipid metabolism

Question 32

What is the RDI of riboflavin?

Answer 32

1.3 mg/day

Question 33

Why might riboflavin deficiency give some resistance to malaria?

Answer 33

Parasite may require lots of it | May be because red blood cells have fragile membranes

Question 34

What coenzymes is niacin part of?

Answer 34

NAD | NADP

Question 35

What are the coenzymes of niacin involved in?

Answer 35

NAD - plays central role in the electron transport chain | NADP - important in fatty acid synthesis

Question 36

What foods are a source of niacin?

Answer 36

``` Meat, especially liver and kidney Fish Peanuts Bran Pulses Wholemeal wheat Coffee ```

Question 37

What is the other main source of niacin?

Answer 37

Produced from tryptophan in the liver

Question 38

What is the RDI of niacin?

Answer 38

14 mg/day in women | 16 mg/day in men

Question 39

What disease does niacin deficiency cause?

Answer 39

Pellagra

Question 40

What are the 3D's of pellagra?

Answer 40

Dermatitis Diarrhoea Delirium/dementia

Question 41

What are the symptoms of pellagra?

Answer 41

Skin inflammation Skin lesions Pigmentation Cracking of skin

Question 42

What factors can affect niacin?

Answer 42

Excess leucine inhibits synthesis of NAD from tryptophan | Estrogen metabolites inhibit trptophan metabolism in women

Question 43

What is the metabolically active form of vitamin B6?

Answer 43

Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)

Question 44

What is pryidoxal 5'-phosphate a major coenzyme in?

Answer 44

Transamination, deamination and synthesis of non-essential amino acids Homcysteine metabolism Formation of niacin from tryptophan

Question 45

What other B vitamin is required in the formation of niacin from tryptophan?

Answer 45

B6

Question 46

What are the food sources of vitamin B6?

Answer 46

``` Meats Whole grain products Vegetables Bananas Nuts ```

Question 47

What is the RDI of vitamin B6?

Answer 47

1.5 mg/day

Question 48

Vitamin B6 and glycogen phosphorylase

Answer 48

B6 is associated with the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase | This enzyme is part of glycolysis

Question 49

What are the symptoms of vitamin B6 deficiency?

Answer 49

``` Weakness Sleeplessness Dermatitis Anaemia Impaired immunit ```

Question 50

Influence of biotin

Answer 50

Coenzyme for carboxylase enzymes involved in metabolic pathways Coenzyme for pyruvate carboxylase in gluconeogenesis Induces synthesis of key enzymes of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis

Question 51

What are the main sources of biotin?

Answer 51

Food sources | Produced by bacteria in large intestine

Question 52

Which form of vitamin B is very rare to have a deficiency?

Answer 52

Biotin

Question 53

Symptoms of biotin deficiency

Answer 53

``` Skin rash Loss of hair Anorexia Hypercholsterolemia Depression ```

Question 54

RDI of biotin

Answer 54

30 ug/day

Question 55

What is pantothenic acid contribute to? (proteins)

Answer 55

Coenzyme A | Acyl carrier protein (ACP)

Question 56

What is pantothenic acid involved in?

Answer 56

TCA cycle Fatty acid synthesis Lipid synthesis

Question 57

What are the symptoms of pantothenic acid deficiency?

Answer 57

``` Depression Insomnia Fatigue Vomiting Muscle weakness Burning sensation in feet ```

Question 58

What is the RDI of pentothenic acid?

Answer 58

5 mg/day

Question 59

What forms does folic acid naturally occur in?

Answer 59

Tetrahydrofolate (THF) | 5,10-methylene THF

Question 60

What does the THF form of folic acid influence?

Answer 60

1-carbon transfers such as methylation to form thymidylate Purine and pyrimidine synthesis Re-methylation of homocysteine to methionine

Question 61

What does a deficiency of folic acid cause?

Answer 61

Reduced ability for cell division

Question 62

Which B vitamin is required in larger amounts during pregnancy? What does not matching the required amount cause?

Answer 62

Folic acid: Megaloblastic anaemia Neural tube defects

Question 63

What are the RDIs for folic acid?

Answer 63

400 ug/day Pregnant women - 600 ug/day Lactating women - 500 ug/day

Question 64

What are the food sources of folic acid?

Answer 64

``` Leafy vegetables Liver Kidney Beans Beetroot Bran Peanuts Wholemeal bread Eggs Bananas ```

Question 65

What B vitamin does folic acid interact with and how?

Answer 65

``` Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) Masks symptoms of B12 deficiency with correcting associated neurological symptoms ```

Question 66

What coenzymes have vitamin B12 present?

Answer 66

Methylcobalamin | Deoxyadenosyl cobalamin

Question 67

What are the sources of vitamin B12?

Answer 67

Synthesised by bacteria | Food intake

Question 68

What enzymes are dependant on vitamin B12?

Answer 68

Methylmalonyl CoA mutase | Methionine synthase

Question 69

What are the food sources of vitamin B12?

Answer 69

``` Meat Fish Shellfish Milk Egg Cheese Yoghurt ```

Question 70

Which vitamin is not present in any plant food sources?

Answer 70

Vitamin B12

Question 71

What does the absorption of vitamin B12 depend upon?

Answer 71

Intrinsic factors

Question 72

What happens when there are not enough intrinsic factors present?

Answer 72

Vitamin B12 deficiency

Question 73

What are the outcomes of vitamin B12 deficiency?

Answer 73

``` Pernicious anaemia (release of immature RBCs in to the blood stream) Vitamin 12 neuropathy (spinal cord degeneration) ```

Question 74

What is the RDI of vitamin 12?

Answer 74

2.5 ug/day

Question 75

Vitamin C

Answer 75

Ascorbic acid Strong antioxidant Co-factor for many enzymes

Question 76

What is vitamin C important in?

Answer 76

Collagen synethsis Iron conversion from ferric form to more soluble ferrous form Enhances absorption of non-haem iron

Question 77

What reduces plasma ascorbic acid levels?

Answer 77

Smoking

Question 78

What are the food sources of ascorbic acid (vitamin C)

Answer 78

Citrus fruits Peppers Potatoes Brassica vegetables

Question 79

What is the RDI of vitamin C?

Answer 79

40 mg/day

Question 80

What does vitamin C deficiency cause?

Answer 80

Scurvy

Question 81

What are the main characteristics of scurvy and what causes them?

Answer 81

Bleeding gums and anaemia | Caused by impaired synthesis and repair of collagen and fragile capillaires