Carbohydrates (CH 3.2) Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Carbohydrates (CH 3.2) Deck (27)
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1
Q

What are Carbohydrates?

A
  • Hydrated carbons bc water & carbon are repeated multiple times
  • A group of molecules that contain C,H, & O in a molar ratio of 1:2:1
  • Empirical Formula is (CH2O)n where n= number of carbon atoms
  • Many contain C-H bonds= release energy when oxidation occurs
2
Q

What is the Simplest form of Carbos?

A

-Monosaccharides (simple sugars)

3
Q

What are Monosaccharides?

A
  • Simple sugars
  • Can contain as few as 3 Carbon atoms to 6 or more= arranged in a ring form
  • Those that have 6 carbon atoms= play a central role in energy storage
  • Often used as building blocks to form larger molecules
4
Q

What is the Monosaccharide that contains 3 Carbon atoms?

A

-Glyceraldehyde

5
Q

What are the Monosaccharides that contain 5 Carbon atoms?

A
  • Ribose

- Deoxyribose

6
Q

What are the Monosaccharides that contain 6 carbon atoms?

A
  • Glucose (most important for energy storage)
  • Fructose (structural isomer that differs in the position of C-O double bonds)
  • Galactose (Stereoisomer that differs in position of -OH & -H groups)
7
Q

What are the characteristics of 6 Carbon Monosaccharides?

A
  • EXIST in STRAIGHT CHAIN form but when they DISSOLVE in water they form RINGS
  • Glucose is the most important for energy storage bc it has 7 C-H bonds
  • Glucose can exist in Alpha or Beta
8
Q

What is a Disaccharide?

A
  • They’re made by linking 2 monosaccharides together
  • Serve as transport molecules in plants & provide nutrition in animals
  • Some are used to transport Glucose from one part to another
9
Q

What do the Transport forms of Disaccharides depend on?

A
  • Which monosaccharide are linked to form the Disaccharide

- Glucose can form transport disaccharides w/ itself or with other monosaccharides like fructose & galactose

10
Q

How is Sucrose made & what is it’s purpose?

A
  • When glucose links w/ fructose

- Sucrose is the form most plants use to transport glucose

11
Q

How is Lactose made & what is it’s purpose?

A
  • Glucose is linked w/ galactose

- Mammals use lactose to supply energy to their babie

12
Q

What are Polysaccharides?

A

-Longer polymers that of course are made up of monomers, but those monomers have gone through dehydration reaction

13
Q

What is Starch?

A
  • Mixture of linear & branched polymers of Alpha-glucose subunits
  • Found in plants that is composed of Amylose & Amylopectin
  • Starch stores energy
14
Q

How do organisms store metabolic energy contained in Monosaccharides?

A

-Convert them into Disaccharides like maltose and these are linked together into insoluable polysaccharides=Starches

15
Q

What is the Starch with the simplest structure?

A
  • Amylose! (linear)
  • Each linkage of the Alpha Glucose occurs between C-1 of one glucose molecule to the C-4 of another= Alpha (1—->4) linkages
  • The long chains coil up in water which makes amylose insoluable
16
Q

What is Amylopectin?

A
  • More complicated variation of Amylose
  • They are BRANCHED polysaccharides with branches occuring between C-1 of one molecule & C-6 of another = Alpha (1—->6) linkages
  • The amylose branches consist of 20-30 glucose subunits
  • Also insoluable
17
Q

What is Glycogen?

A
  • Super BRANCHED of Alpha-glucose subunits
  • Kinda like starch but it’s found in animals
  • Has much longer average chain length & more branches than plant starch
  • Stores energy & provides limited short term stored energy
18
Q

What is Cellulose?

A
  • Polymer of LINEAR Beta Glucose w/ the Beta (1—->4) linkages
  • These long chains of Beta Glucose form tough fibers which makes Cellulose a key component in plant cell walls
  • Beta Glucose bonds can’t be broken down by starch-hydrolizing enzymes bc those enzymes only recognize Alpha linkages
19
Q

What is Chitin?

A

-Structural material found in anthropods & many fungi
-It’s a polymer of N-acetylglucosamine
(subsituted version of glucose)
- When its cross-linked by proteins, it forms a tough/ resistant surface= hard exoskeleton for insects & crustaceans

20
Q

What is the function for Carbohydrates?

A
  • Energy metabolism
  • Components of cell to cell recognition molecules
  • Components of complex carb polymers
21
Q

What are Complex Carbohydrates?

A
  • Large polymers of glucose
  • Have same monomers but polymers are differentiated by the bonds between glucose & whether if its a branching or unbranching polymer
22
Q

What are the 3 most important Complex Carbohydrates?

A
  • Cellulose
  • Starch
  • Glycogen
23
Q

How are Complex Carbohydrates formed?

A

-By dehydration synthesis

24
Q

-What is the function for Carbohydrate Polymers?

A

-Structural & energy storage

25
Q

So what are Macromolecules?

A
  • Proteins
  • Starches
  • Lipids
  • Carbs
26
Q

What do the properties of Macromolecules determine?

A

-The taste, smell, nutrition, cooking properties, digestibility of our food & what mechs we use to digest it

27
Q

What are people ACTUALLY allergic too when they say that they’re allergic to certain foods?

A

-They’re actually reacting to specific proteins in the food that makes them sick