Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biochemistry > Carbohydrates & Glycolysis > Flashcards

Carbohydrates & Glycolysis Flashcards

1
Q

What are the monosaccharides?

A
  • hexose -> glucose, galactose, fructose, mannose
  • pentose -> ribose
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the disaccharides?

A
  • lactose -> glucose + galactose (milk sugar)
  • sucrose -> glucose + fructose (table sugar)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the polysaccharides?

A
  • glycogen
  • starch
  • dextran
  • cellulose
  • chitin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the alpha-linked polysaccharides?

A
  • glycogen
  • starch
  • dextran
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the beta-linked polysaccharides?

A

cellulose & chitin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme of glycolysis?

A

phosphofructokinase (PFK)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where is glycolysis located?

A

cytosol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the function of glycolysis?

A

Glucose (6C) -> 2 Pyruvate (3C) with formation of ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the net energy production of glycolysis?

A

2 ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the oxidative step of glycolysis?

A

NAD+ reduced to NADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What steps utilize ATPin glycolysis?

A
  • glucose -> hexokinase -> G-6-P
  • fructose-6-phosphate -> phosphofructokinase -> F 1,6-BP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What steps produce ATP?

A
  • 1,3-BP -> phosphoglycerate kinase -> 3-phosphoglycerate
  • phosphoenolpyruvate -> pyruvate kinase -> pyruvate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the name of the reaction used for energy production?

A

substrate-level phosphorylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 2 mechanisms used to oxidate in glycolysis?

A
  • aerobic ->mitochondrial electron transport chain
  • anaerobic -> lactate dehydrogenase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 3 irreversible steps in glycolysis?

A
  • glucose -> hexokinase -> G-6-P
  • F-6-P -> phosphofructokinase -> F-1,6-BP
  • PEP -> pyruvate kinase -> pyruvate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What activates phosphofructokinase (PFK)?

A
  1. increase glucose -> increase insulin
  2. increase in F-2,6-BP
17
Q

What inhibits phosphofructokinase (PFK)?

A
  1. decrease glucose -> increase glucagon
  2. increase ATP
  3. increase H+/lactate
  4. increase other sources of energy
18
Q

What is the effect of phosphofructokinase on the graph?

A

causes a left shift -> negative allosteric inhibitor

19
Q

What inhibits pyruvate kinase?

A
  1. phopshorylation
  2. ATP
  3. alanine
20
Q

What activates pyruvate kinase?

A
  1. dephosphorylation
  2. F-1,6-BP
21
Q

What is the function & location of hexokinase?

A
  • function: glucose -> G-6-P
  • location: all cells except beta-pancreatic cells
22
Q

What is the function & location of glucokinase?

A
  • function: glucose -> G-6-P
  • location: liver & beta-pancreatic cells
23
Q

What is the trend for Km & Vmax for hexokinase?

A
  • Km: lower (HIGH affinity for glucose)
  • Vmax: lower
24
Q

What is the trend for Km & Vmax for glucokinase?

A
  • Km: higher (LOW affinity for glucose)
  • Vmax: higher
25
Q

When is glucokinase activated?

A

only when there are high conc. of blood glucose

26
Q

What is the rate limiting step of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion?

A

glucose -> G-6-P by glucokinase

27
Q

What are the steps of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion?

A
  1. increase in blood glucose
  2. glucose uptake into cell
  3. glucose phosphorylated by glucokinase
  4. glycolysis occurs
  5. increase in ATP
  6. ATP binds to K+ channels and closes them
  7. depolarization of cell -> causes voltage dependent Ca2+ channel to open
  8. influx of Ca2+ into cell via VDCC
  9. Ca2+ allows vesicles to merge with membrane and release insulin into blood
28
Q

What is the pre-absorptive process in parasympathetic-stimulated insulin secretion?

A
  1. visual cue says you might be eating soon
  2. body releases insulin to prepare for rise in glycose levels due to possible eating
29
Q

What is the absorptive process in parasympathetic-stimulated insulin secretion?

A

after eating Ach triggers IP3/Ca2+/PKC signaling cascade -> leads to insulin release

30
Q

What is the cori cycle?

A
  • lactate is recycled from RBCs or myocytes
  • in liver for gluconeogenesis
31
Q

What is the alanine cycle?

A
  • alanine is recycled from myocytes
  • in liver for gluconeogenesis
32
Q

What are the glycolytic metabolism diseases?

A

purine kinase deficiency & cancer

33
Q

What are the characteristics of purine kinase deficiency?

A
  • mutation in gene that makes pyruvate kinase
  • results in echinocytes
  • leads to chronic hemolytic anemia
34
Q

What are the characteristics of cancer?

A
  • malignant tumor cells do lots of glycolysis at a high rate
  • PET scan -> areas that have higher rate of glycolysis are likely malignant

Biochemistry (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions